Applied Electricity Lecture Notes

faculty 4 Single- material body AC Circuits Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur Lesson 13 standard of Sinusoidal Signal by a Phasor and Solution of Current in R-L-C Series Circuits Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur In the be lesson, two points were described 1. How a curving potentiality wave organize (ac) is generated? 2. How the average and rms c are fors of the periodic potentiality or new wave ca-cas, are computed? Some examples are also described there. In this lesson, the theatrical of boobusoidal (ac) voltage/current signals by a phasor is number 1 explained. The polar/Cartesian ( orthogonal) variant of phasor, as hard quantity, is described.Lastly, the algebra, involving the phasors (voltage/current), is presented. Different numerical turns addition/subtraction and multiplication/division, on two or to a greater extent phasors, are discussed. Keywords Phasor, Sinusoidal signals, phasor algebra After going through this lesson, the students get out be able to answer the pur suance questions 1. What is meant by the term, phasor in respect of a sinusoidal signal? 2. How to represent the sinusoidal voltage or current wave resile by phasor? 3. How to write a phasor quantity (complex) in polar/Cartesian (rec burngular) form? 4.How to perform the operations, like addition/subtraction and multiplication/division on two or more phasors, to obtain a phasor? This lesson forms the background of the following lessons in the comp permite module of single ac circuits, showtime with the next lesson on the solution of the current in the steady state, in R-L-C series circuits. Symbols i or i(t) Ins common topaz burn markeous cheer of the current (sinusoidal form) I Im ? Current (rms value) Maximum value of the current Phasor representation of the current Phase rake, say of the current phasor, with respect to the reference phasor I Same symbols are employ for voltage or any opposite phasor. Representation of Sinusoidal Signal by a Phasor A sinusoidal quantity, i. e . current, i (t ) = I m sin ? t , is taken up as an example. In Fig. 13. 1a, the length, OP, on the x-axis, represents the maximum value of the current I m , on a certain scale. It is being turn in the anti-clockwise explosive charge at an angular speed, ? , and takes up a position, OA after a time t (or slant, ? = ? t , with the x-axis). The vertical projection of OA is plotted in the right hand side of the in a higher place enroll with respect to the angle ? It will generate a sine wave (Fig. 13. 1b), as OA is at an angle, ? with the x-axis, as stated earlier. The vertical projection of OA along y-axis is OC = AB = Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur i (? ) = I m sin ? , which is the ins topaztaneous value of the current at any time t or angle ? . The angle ? is in rad. , i. e. ? = ? t . The angular speed, ? is in rad/s, i. e. ? = 2 ? f , where f is the frequency in Hz or cycles/sec. Thus, i = I m sin ? = I m sin ? t = I m sin 2? ft So, OP represents the phasor with respect to the above current, i.The line, OP tail end be taken as the rms value, I = I m / 2 , instead of maximum value, Im . consequently the vertical projection of OA, in magnitude extend to to OP, does not represent exactly the instantaneous value of I, but represents it with the scale factor of 1 / 2 = 0. 707 . The reason for this choice of phasor as disposed above, will be given in another(prenominal) lesson later in this module. Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur reason out case The current depose be of the form, i (t ) = I m sin (? t ? ? ) as shown in Fig. 13. 1d. The phasor representation of this current is the line, OQ, at an angle, ? whitethorn be taken as blackball), with the line, OP along x-axis (Fig. 13. 1c). angiotensin-converting enzyme has to move in clockwise direction to go to OQ from OP (reference line), though the phasor, OQ is assumed to move in anti-clockwise direction as given earlier. After a time t, OD will be at an angle ? with OQ, which is at an angle ( ? ? ? = ? t ? ? ), with the line, OP along x-axis. The vertical projection of OD along y-axis gives the instantaneous value of the current, i = 2 I sin (? t ? ? ) = I m sin (? t ? ? ) . Phasor representation of Voltage and Current The voltage and current waveforms are given as, v = 2 V sin ? and i = 2 I sin (? + ? ) It can be seen from the waveforms (Fig. 13. 2b) of the two sinusoidal quantities voltage and current, that the voltage, V lags the current I, which means that the confident(p) maximum value of the voltage is reached earlier by an angle, ? , as compared to the positive maximum value of the current. In phasor notation as described earlier, the voltage and current are correspond by OP and OQ (Fig. 13. 2a) respectively, the length of which are proportional to voltage, V and current, I in incompatible scales as relevant to each one.The voltage phasor, OP (V) lags the current phasor, OQ (I) by the angle ? , as two phasors rotate in the counterclockwise direction as stated earlier, wh ereas the angle ? is also measured in the anticlockwise direction. In other words, the current phasor (I) leads the voltage phasor (V). Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur Mathematically, the two phasors can be be in polar form, with the voltage phasor ( V ) taken as reference, such as V = V ? 0 0 , and I = I . In Cartesian or angular form, these are, V = V ? 0 0 = V + j 0 , and I = I = I cos ? + j I sin ? , where, the symbol, j is given by j = ? . Of the two terms in each phasor, the first one is termed as true(a) or its component in x-axis, while the second one is ideational or its component in y-axis, as shown in Fig. 13. 3a. The angle, ? is in degree or rad. ? ? ? ? ? Phasor Algebra out front discussing the mathematical operations, like addition/subtraction and multiplication/division, involving phasors and also complex quantities, let us take a look at the two forms polar and rectangular, by which a phasor or complex quantity is represented. It whitethorn be observed here that phasors are also taken as complex, as given above.Representation of a phasor and Transformation A phasor or a complex quantity in rectangular form (Fig. 13. 3) is, A = ax + j a y Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur ? where a x and a y are veridical and fanciful go aways, of the phasor respectively. In polar form, it is expressed as A = A a = A cos ? a + j A sin ? a ? where A and ? a are magnitude and phase angle angle of the phasor. From the two equations or expressions, the procedure or tackle of alteration from polar to rectangular form is a x = A cos ? a and a y = A sin ? a From the above, the rule for transformation from rectangular to polar form is 2 2 A = a x + a y and ? = tan ? 1 (a y / a x ) The examples using numerical determine are given at the end of this lesson. Addition/Subtraction of Phasors Before describing the rules of addition/subtraction of phasors or complex quantities, everyone should recall the rule of addition/subtraction of scalar quantities, which may be pos itive or signed (decimal/fraction or fraction with integer). It may be stated that, for the two operations, the quantities must be either phasors, or complex. The example of phasor is voltage/current, and that of complex quantity is ohmic resistance/admittance, which will be explained in the next lesson.But one phasor and another complex quantity should not be used for addition/subtraction operation. For the operations, the two phasors or complex quantities must be expressed in rectangular form as A = a x + j a y B = bx + j b y If they are in polar form as A = A a B = B b In this case, two phasors are to be transformed to rectangular form by the procedure or rule given earlier. The rule of addition/subtraction operation is that some(prenominal) the real and imaginary number parts have to be separately treated as ? ? ? ? where c x = (a x b x ) c y = (a y b y ) Say, for addition, real parts must be added, so also for imaginary parts.Same rule follows for subtraction. After t he issuing is obtained in rectangular form, it can be transformed to polar one. It may be observed that the six determine of a s , b s and c s parts of the two phasors and the terminus one, are all signed scalar quantities, though in the example, a s and b s are taken as positive, resulting in positive values of c s . Also the phase angle ? s may lie in any of the intravenous feeding quadrants, though here the angles are in the first quadrant only. This rule for addition can be extended to three or more quantities, as will be illustrated through example, which is given at the end of this lesson.C = A B = (a x bx ) + j (a y b y ) = c x + j c y ? ? ? Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur The addition/subtraction operations can also be performed using the quantities as ? ? ? phasors in polar form (Fig. 13. 4). The two phasors are A (OA) and B (OB) . The give away the sum C (OC ) , a line AC is move equal and analog to OB. The line BC is equal and parallel to OA. Thus, C = OC = OA + AC = OA + OB = A + B . Also, OC = OB + BC = OB + OA ? ? ? ? To obtain the difference D (OD) , a line AD is drawn equal and parallel to OB, but in opposite direction to AC or OB.A line OE is also drawn equal to OB, but in opposite direction to OB. Both AD and OE represent the phasor ( ? B ). The line, ED is equal to OA. Thus, D = OD = OA + AD = OA ? OB = A ? B . Also OD = OE + ED = ? OB + OA . The examples using numerical values are given at the end of this lesson. ? ? ? ? Multiplication/ component part of Phasors Firstly, the procedure for multiplication is taken up. In this case no reference is being made to the rule involving scalar quantities, as everyone is familiar with them. Assuming that the two phasors are available in polar from as A = A a and B = B b .Otherwise, they are to be transformed from rectangular to polar form. This is also valid for the procedure of division. Please note that a phasor is to be multiplied by a complex quantity only, to obtain the resultant phasor. A phasor is not normally multiplied by another phasor, except in special case. Same is for division. A phasor is to be furcated by a complex quantity only, to obtain the resultant phasor. A phasor is not normally divided by another phasor. ? ? ? To find the magnitude of the product C , the two magnitudes of the phasors are to be multiplied, whereas for phase angle, the phase angles are to added.Thus, Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur C = C c = A? B = A A ? B B = ( A ? B ) ? (? a + ? b ) ? ? ? where C = A ? B and ? c = ? a + ? b ? Please note that the same symbol, C is used for the product in this case. ? ? ? To divide A . by B to obtain the result D . , the magnitude is obtained by division of the magnitudes, and the phase is difference of the two phase angles. Thus, D = D d = ? ? A ? = B where D = A / B and ? d = ? a ? ? b ? ? A a ? A ? = ? ? ? (? a ? ? b ) B b ? B ? If the phasors are expressed in rectangular form as A = a x + j a y and B = bx + j by here A = (a 2 x ? 2 + a y ? a = tan ? 1 (a y / a x ) ) The values of B are not given as they can be obtained by exchange b s for a s . To find the product, C = C c = A ? B = (a x + j a y ) ? (bx + j b y ) = (a x bx ? a y b y ) + j (a x b y + a y bx ) ? ? ? Please note that j 2 = ? 1 . The magnitude and phase angle of the result (phasor) are, C = (a x bx ? a y b y ) + (a x b y + a y bx ) 2 1 2 2 = (a 2 x 2 + ay ? ) (b 2 x 2 + b y = A ? B , and ) ? c = tan ? 1 ? ? ? a x b y + a y bx ? ? a x bx ? a y b y ? ? ? The phase angle, ? c = ? a + ? b = tan ? 1 ? ? a x b y + a y bx = tan ? 1 ? ?a b ? a b y y ? x x ? ? ? ? ay ? ax ? ? ? ? ? ? b ? + tan ? 1 ? y ? ?b ? ? x ? (a / a ) + (b y / bx ) ? ? ? = tan ? 1 ? y x ? ? ? 1 ? (a y / a x ) ? (b y / bx )? ? ? ? The above results are obtained by simplification. ? To divide A by B to obtain D as D = dx + j dy = ? ? A ? = ax + j a y bx + j by ? B To simplify D , i. e. to obtain real and imaginary parts, both numerator and denominator, are to be multiplied by the complex c onjugate of B , so as to convert the ? denominator into real value only. The complex conjugate of B is Version 2 EE IIT, KharagpurB * = bx + j b y = B ? ? ? b In the complex conjugate, the sign of the imaginary part is negative, and also the phase angle is negative. ? (a x + j a y )? (bx ? j by ) = ? a x bx + a y by ? + j ? a y bx ? a x by ? ? ? ? ? D = dx + j dy = (bx + j by )? (bx ? j by ) ? bx2 + by2 ? ? bx2 + by2 ? ? ? ? ? The magnitude and phase angle of the result (phasor) are, (a b D= x x + a y b y ) + (a y bx ? a x b y ) 2 1 2 2 (b 2 x +b 2 y ) = (a (b 2 x 2 x 2 + ay 2 + by ) A = , and ) B ? a y bx ? a x b y ? ? ? d = tan ? 1 ? ?a b +a b ? y y ? ? x x The phase angle, ? ay ? ax ? ? ? ? tan ? 1 ? y ? b ? ? x ? ? a b ? a xby ? ? = tan ? 1 ? y x ? ?a b +a b y y ? ? x x ? ? ? ? ? d = ? a ? ? b = tan ? 1 ? ? The steps are shown here in brief, as detailed steps have been given earlier. Example ? The phasor, A in the rectangular form (Fig. 13. 5) is, A = A a = A cos ? a + j A sin ? a = a x + j a y = ? 2 + j 4 where the real and imaginary parts are a x = ? 2 ? ? ay = 4 To transform the phasor, A into the polar form, the magnitude and phase angle are Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur 2 2 A = a x + a y = (? 2) 2 + 4 2 = 4. 472 ? 4 ? ? = tan ? 1 ? ? ? 116. 565 = 2. 034 rad ? ? ? 2? ? Please note that ? a is in the second quadrant, as real part is negative and imaginary part is positive. ? a = tan ? 1 ? ? ? ay ? ax ? Transforming the phasor, A into rectangular form, the real and imaginary parts are a x = A cos? a = 4. 472 ? cos116. 565 = ? 2. 0 a y = A sin ? a = 4. 472 ? sin 116. 565 = 4. 0 Phasor Algebra ? ? ? Another phasor, B in rectangular form is introduced in addition to the earlier one, A B = 6 + j 6 = 8. 485 ? 45 Firstly, let us take the addition and subtraction of the above two phasors. The sum and ? difference are given by the phasors, C and D respectively (Fig. 13. 6). C = A+ B = (? 2 + j 4) +(6 + j 6) = (? 2 + 6) + j (4 + 6) = 4 + j 10 = 10. 77 ? 68. 2 D = A? B = (? 2 + j 4) ? (6 + j 6) = (? 2 ? 6) + j (4 ? 6) = ? 8 ? j 2 = 8. 246 ? ? 166. 0 It may be noted that for the addition and subtraction operations involving phasors, they should be represented in rectangular form as given above. If any one of the phasors Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur ? ? ? ? ? ? is in polar form, it should be transformed into rectangular form, for calculating the results as shown.If the two phasors are both in polar form, the phasor diagram (the diagram must be drawn to scale), or the geometrical regularity can be used as shown in Fig 13. 6. The result obtained using the diagram, as shown are the same as obtained earlier. C (OC) = 10. 77, ? COX = 68. 2 and D ( OD) = 8. 246, ? DOX = 166. 0 Now, the multiplication and division operations are performed, using the above two phasors represented in polar form. If any one of the phasors is in rectangular form, it may be transformed into polar form. Also note that the same symbols for the phasors are used here, as was used earlier.Later, the method of both multiplication and division using rectangular form of the phasor representation will be explained. ? ? ? The resultant phasor C , i. e. the product of the two phasors is C = A? B = 4. 472 ? 116. 565 ? 8. 485 ? 45 = (4. 472 ? 8. 485) ? (116. 565 + 45) = 37. 945 ? 161. 565 = ? 36 + j 12 The product of the two phasors in rectangular form can be found as C = (? 2 + j 4) ? (6 + j 6) = (? 12 ? 24) + j (24 ? 12) = ? 36 + j 12 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The result ( D ) obtained by the division of A by B is D= ? ? A ? = B = 0. 167 + j 0. The above result can be calculated by the procedure described earlier, using the rectangular form of the two phasors as D= ? ? 4. 472 ? 116. 565 ? 4. 472 ? =? ? ? (116. 565 ? 45) = 0. 527 ? 71. 565 8. 485 ? 45 ? 8. 485 ? A ? = B 12 + j 36 = = 0. 167 + j 0. 5 72 ? 2 + j 4 ( ? 2 + j 4) ? (6 ? j 6) (? 12 + 24) + j (24 + 12) = = 6+ j6 ( 6 + j 6) ? ( 6 ? j 6) 62 + 62 The procedure for the elementary operations using two phasors onl y, in both forms of representation is shown. It can be substantially extended, for say, addition/multiplication, using three or more phasors.The simplification procedure with the scalar quantities, using the different elementary operations, which is well known, can be extended to the phasor quantities. This will be used in the content of ac circuits to be discussed in the following lessons. The background required, i. e. phasor representation of sinusoidal quantities (voltage/current), and algebra mathematical operations, such as addition/subtraction and multiplication/division of phasors or complex quantities, including transformation of phasor from rectangular to polar form, and frailness versa, has been discussed here.The study of ac circuits, starting from series ones, will be described in the next fewer lessons. Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur Problems 13. 1 Use plasor technique to evaluate the expression and then find the numerical value at t = 10 ms. i ( t ) = 150 cos (100t 450 ) + ergocalciferol sin (100t ) + d ? cos 100t 30 0 ) ? ? dt ? ( 13. 2 Find the result in both rectangular and polar forms, for the following, using complex quantities 5 j12 15 ? 53. 1 b) ( 5 j12 ) +15 ? 53. 1 a) 2 ? 30 4 ? 210 5 ? 450 1 ? ? d) ? 5 ? 0 + ? . 2 ? 210 3 2 ? 45 ? ? c)Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur List of Figures Fig. 13. 1 (a) Phasor representation of a sinusoidal voltage, and (b) Waveform Fig. 13. 2 (a) Phasor representation of voltage and current, and (b) Waveforms Fig. 13. 3 Representation of a phasor, both in rectangular and polar forms Fig. 13. 4 Addition and subtraction of two phasors, both represented in polar form Fig. 13. 5 Representation of phasor as an example, both in rectangular and polar forms Fig. 13. 6 Addition and subtraction of two phasors represented in polar form, as an example Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur

Hamlet and a Midsummer Night’s Dream

In one of AMNDs most overthrowuring passages, Lysander states (Act one scene one, song 134) The drift of true love never did run smooth. The conflict that is inevitably born away of love is a central theme at the heart of Midsummers Nights hallucination and juncture, still is extended by Shakespe are not only to romantic relationships, only if to familial bonds as well. The conflict is in the end resolved in diametrically opposing ways in to each one play, according to the conventions of their respective genres. small town is a tragedy, and t here(predicate)fore can way out only in death, but AMND, as a comedy, uses the usageal manner of marriage to resolve its conflict. Shakespeare opens AMND with the relationship between Athenian Duke Theseus and Amazonian warrior Hippolyta, thereby framing the enfolding drama with the depiction of a union in which romance and military conflict are inextricably bound Hippolyta, I wood thee with my sword/and won thy love doing thee in juries. (1116) Shakespeare incongruously conflates military imagery withthe manner of babbleing of romance, establishing the theme of love, initially at least, as being fraught with conflict. This is highlighted further as the discussion of Theseus and Hippolytas forthcoming nuptials is juxtaposed with the dramatic introduction of Hermia and Lysander, young lovers forbidden to bind by Egeus, Hermias domineering father. Lysander and Hermia decide to from Athens turn away our mettles (1. 1. 218) and elope to the lumber.Shakespeares use of the forest as a backdrop to the young lovers elopement is significant. It would have reminded members of the Jacobean sense of hearing of Saturnalia, an ancient romish festival in honour of the deity Saturn, which took place in the forest and was famous for subverting Roman fond norms. A carnival atmosphere pervaded the festival, which included features such as masters waiting on their hand housemaidens tables which defied the etiquette of the time. The allusion to Saturnalia emphasises Lysander and Hermias defiance of social restraints in eloping against her fathers wishes.Egeus attempted chair of Hermia parallels Poloniuss manipulation of Ophelia in hamlet, as in both plays Shakespeare depicts romantic relationships as complicatedbyfamilial pressures. The forest acts as a token for freedom from such conflict. Away from urban civilization and its social traditions, the forest exists as a primeval space where Hermia and Lysander feel their love can truly be celebrated, unhindered by the familial politics they have left behind to that place the sharp Athenian law cannot give chase us. (1. 1. 62)However, social norms are not the only things overturned in the forest. By pouring a charming potion in the lovers eyes, Puck, a mischievous fairy, swaps the target area of Demetrius and Lysander affection to Helena. This comic turn sets the enfolding drama in motion, but also demonstrates the cruelty of fickle love, th at is so easily swayed to devastating effect, as Hermia laments O outrage O Hell I see you are all bent, to set against me. (3. 2. 145) Shakespeare expounds upon this theme of love in Hamlet too but with far more serious consequences as befits a tragedy.Whereas Hermia is part of the tradition of Shakespearean women who defy their controlling fathers to marry their lovers, Ophelia proves far more susceptible to Polonius and Laertes bullying as they are successful in thwarting her relationship with Hamlet. Just as Shakespeare exhibits affection as transient through Pucks meddling with Demetrius and Lysander, Laertes lectures Ophelia on loves temporary and untrustworthy genius forward, not permanent, engaging, not lasting. (1. 3. ) The emphatic rhythm of Laertes dialogue is created by the many caesuras that break up this line each word drumming itself into Ophelias psyche. Ironically, it isnt the trifling of Hamlets favour (1. 3. 6) that breaks Ophelias heart, and ultimately her sanity, but rather her familys interference, in particular her fathers political scheming. A. C Bradley in his give-and-take Shakespearian Tragedy notes that good conflict essential be drawn out accordingly, both Hamlet and AMND are over five acts long and only get resolved in the final scenes, each according to their genre.The conflict inherent in Shakespeares portrayal of romantic relationships is given tangible operate as Lysander and Demetrius prepare to fight over the woman they profess to love if thou say so withdraw and prove it to. (3. 2. 255) Despite the threat of violence about to unfold on stage, Shakespeares audience would have been aware that as a comedy, A Midsummers Nights Dream would culminate in marriage rather then bloodshed.In the opening scene of the play, Lysander alludes to the May Day rituals that he had participated in And in the wood a league without the town, where I did meetto do observance to a morn of May (1. 1. 165) The May Day rites were an ancien t celebration of fertility and renewal, and the setting of the lustrous forest reinforces this atmosphere, even throughout Lysander and Demetriuss altercation, emphasising that the conflict would, in the end, be resolved happily. In stark contrast, Hamlet and Laertes fight over Ophelias grave.Shakespeare uses the graveyard setting to foreshadow the mens death as a result of their growing hostility unlike in AMND, the conflict within a tragedy cannot end in marriage it must end in death I thought thy bride-bed to have decked, sweet maid, and not have strewed thy grave. (5. 1. 241) Throughout the play Ophelia is referred to by language such as maid, emphasising her youth and her innocence. This heightens the tragic impact of her decline and eventual death, but also reinforces how she is infantilised by her father, and therefore controlled.When Polonius finds out that Ophelia has been conducting a romance with Hamlet, he insists that she no longer have contact with the prince I will ascertain you. Think yourself a baby. (1. 3. 105) Polonius convinces Ophelia that she has been naive and stupid to believe Hamlets professions of love Affection? Pooh You speak like a green girl. (1. 3. 101) In Poloniuss dialogue, Shakespeare repeatedly employs images of Ophelia as a minor to portray how her father psychologically controls her, by making her dependent on his commands, as a young child would I shall obey, my lord. (1. 3. 136) In AMND Shakespeare constructs a similar conflict around a father-daughter relationship, as Egeus wants his daughter Hermia, to marry Demetrius and not her lover, Lysander. Shakespeare draws upon ancient Greek mythology to portray his characters and their respective philosophies. Egeus displays Apollonian attributes as he paternalistically favours a strict devotion to the law above all else, even to the point of death As she is mine, I may influence of heror to her death according to our law. (1. 1. 3) Egeus commoditises his relationship w ith his daughter, as he considers her a possession to be controlled and exploited. similar Polonius who commands Ophelia to set your entreatments at a higher rate (1. 3. 122), Egeuss diction is replete with the language of vocation as he tries to trade his daughter and she is mine, and all my rights of her I do estate unto Demetrius. (1. 1. 97) Hermia, however, embodies the Dionysian spirit philosophy, as she embraces passion and resists her fathers moralistic control My mortal consents not to give reign (1. . 82) Unlike Ophelia who submits to her fathers demands and therefore breaks off her relationship with Hamlet, Hermia prioritises romance over filial obligation as she spiritedly defies Athenian law Oh hell to choose love by anothers eyes (1. 1. 140) The conflicts that are engendered by love are complicated even further by the inconsistency between reality and illusion, which is a central theme in both plays. In both Hamlet and A Midsummer Nights Dream, eyes are used as a symbol of the merging of reality and that which seems to be reality ie.Illusion seems madam? Nay it is. I know not seemsno, nor the baccate river in the eye, nor the dejected haviour of the visage. (1. 2. 75) The juxtaposition by Hamlet of his father, Old Hamlet, and Claudius invokes similar language with reference to the eye what devil wast that thus has cozened you at hoodman-blind? / Eyes without feeling, feeling without eyes, /ears without hands or eyes (3. 4. 78). Shakespeare elects to gravel the inherent tragic conflict in love by using the language of eyes Ha Have you eyes?You cannot call it love. (3. 4. 68)Here the Gertrudes love for Claudius is presented through the eyes of Hamlet as being stewed in corruption (3. 4. 95) and the maternal bonds between her and Hamlet cause her to regret her actions and fear for her religious health O Hamlet speak no more. Thou turnest mine eyes into my very soul / and there I see such black and grained spots. (3. 4. 89) In the final sc ene of the play, all characters must face their spiritual destiny in their death, showing how conflict in Hamlet results only in death.Conflict of reality and illusion is also symbolised through reference to the eye in AMND, as Puck pours the embitter into Lysander and Demetriuss eyes it is then that comic drama enters the scene as loves object is subverted Methinks I see things with parted eye (4. 1. 188) The illusion of the lovers exchanged allegiances is representative of the conflict that can result from reality being destabilized especially where love is concerned Have you not set Lysander, as in scorn/ to follow me, praise my eyes and face? (3. 2. 23) Eventually, love is restored to the couples and Theseus bids that these couples shall be eternally knit (4. 1. 180) and here illusion is replaced with reality which results in the marriage of the couples, in accordance with the comic convention. The significance of Pucks last speech, which is spoken to the audience, is essentia l. Puck tells the audience that they should think this and all is mended that you have but slumbered here magical spell these visions did appear and this weak and idle theme no more yielding than a dream. Puck tells them to hypothesise that the entire play wasnt real, so where in Hamlet reality wins out in the end, in AMND the art of illusion leaves the play on a cliff hanger and the audience must decide whether or not reality exists. This is all part of the comic convention. In conclusion, Shakespeare presents parallel conflicts in both plays, each resulting from conflicted relationships, but they are resolved in accordance with the two plays genres. He concludes all conflict in Hamlet with death and tragedy and all conflict in AMND with laughter and comedy.Elizabethan and modern day audiences would commit the conflict within Hamlet as the plays catalyst towards the catastrophic ending, whilst viewing the conflict within AMND with slight seriousness, knowing hostility between c haracters will ultimately dissolve. Shakespeare appears to be using the themes within Hamlet, such as death and madness, to present conflict between people as an inevitable part of peoples lives, whilst the farcical nature of the battles within AMND suggest conflict is fleeting and avoidable. So, good night unto you all. / Give me your hand if we be friends, and robin redbreast shall restore amends. (AMND 5. 1. 419)

Political Organization Essay

The band is a relatively sm alone and loosely organize kin-ordered group that inhabits a common territory and that may split periodically into smaller extended family groups that are politically and economically independent. Band is a piddle of anthropological political system noted for its simplicity. agree to common anthropological knowledge, a band usually consists of not more than 30-50 individual(a)s.Bands display an egalitarian form of authority which advocates equality among members and the eradication of hindrances to the doctrine of equality. However, bands often exhibit a weak form of leadership due to the non-existent of rules and written laws the support their leaders. Tribes are loosely-structured anthropological political systems composed of families and other communities which are establish solely on kinship. Tribes are the most basic and primitive form of political system. In tribal societies, the elders and the heads of the families are often the ones who lead the tribe.They are usually the ones who are sought for advice and guidance. The main difference amidst a band and a tribe is the size of the community. Tribes are defined as bigger forms of bands. Chiefdom is a form of anthropological political system that is more complex than both the band and the tribe. A chiefdom, accord to common anthropological knowledge is composed of a number of villages under the control of one individual called as chief. Unlike the headman or headwoman in bands and tribes, the leader of a chiefdom is generally a unbowed authority figure, whose right to make final decisions, give commands, and enforce obedience serves to unite members in all affairs and at all times. Anthropologist, however, argued that such form of anthropological political system is very stable. check to experts, this kind of socio-political organization tends to be prone to a cycle of monumental collapse. In anthropology, the state is a political institution established to manage and defend a complex, socially stratified society occupying a defined territory.A state greatly differs from a band, tribe and chiefdom because of its developed nature. Unlike the other third primitive systems, a state is governed by rules and laws which generates from a just law-making body. States are the governing bodies of nations where sovereignty resides. In order to be recognized as a state, an anthropological political system must occupy the four requirements of having a permanent population, a defined territory, a government and the capacity to enter traffic with other states.

Critical evaluation organization's Resources and Capabilities of Coursework - 1

Critical evaluation organizations Resources and Capabilities of Starbucks in China. (internal environment) - Coursework ExampleIn the case of Starbucks an effective Resources strategy should focus on the business of unique resources so that a emulous advantage is acquired towards the loadeds major competitors. The potentials of Starbucks to develop such advantage is analyzed below by referring to the firms performance in regard to each of the elements of the Resource-based theory. 1.1 Tangible Resources The tangible resources of organizations atomic number 18 assets that pitch a physical pull throughence the buildings in which cable operations are developed and the cash forthcoming to the line are assets of this kind (Sehgal 2010). In China, as in all countries worldwide, Starbucks is characterized by specific features as of the style/ decoration of its stores and the dinnerware sets/ cups used for serving the customers (Starbucks Coffee International 2013). However, these f eatures are not unique since they brook be identified, with differentiations, in other brands operating in the same sector. fit to Wang (2012) the interior of Starbucks stores across China is unique not only in regard to decoration but excessively as of the chairs available to customers and the style of music chosen in this context, it is noted that the stores of Starbucks in China offer to the business a unique competence towards the competitors (Wang 2012). 1.2 Intangible Resources The intangible resources of a business do not own a physical existence intellectual property rights that the business have in regard to its products and the brands that the business owns are common examples of intangible resources (Sehgal 2010). For achieving a high competitiveness through its intangible resources, a firm needs to periodically update those resources, according to the market trends. The example of Toyota that developed Lexus as a get around brand so that it is able to increase its competitiveness in the luxury cars sector is important for intellectual such practice (Sehgal 2010, p.44). In the above case, Toyota would not be able to enter this sector without the employment of a unique resource, such as the new brand (Sehgal 2010, p.44). 1.3 Human Resources Human resources hobo to a fault lead to competitive advantage if they are unique (Rao and Sivaramakrishna 2009). The uniqueness of these resources would be related to a regeneration of issues, such as the quality of training, the hiring/ selection process or the performance appraisal (Rao and Sivaramakrishna 2009). In Starbucks employees are given the training that it is commonly available to the sectors employees also, no unique feature seems to exist in regard to the firms selection/ hiring process or the skills/ competencies of employees (Starbucks Coffee International 2013) 2.0 Starbuckss Capabilities strategy in term of Value chain At the next level, the Capabilities strategy of Starbucks should be a lso reviewed. Porters Value Chain model could be used for evaluating the specific strategy of Starbucks. According to Porter (2008) the activities of each organization contribute, more or less, to the development of products/ services that are valuable to their buyers (Porter 2008, p.38). These activities can be categorized into

How changes in the world economy since 1945 have affected room for Essay

How changes in the world economy since 1945 have affected room for maneuver of transnational fir treems - Essay Exampleoer several centuries, consider has always flowed across states, borders, and civilizations thus joining economic fortunes and acting as a channel for social practices, technologies, and ideas. International take began to flourish at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The trade grew geographically between nations that were industrialized and in the imperial patronage, it grew between the underdeveloped peripheries and the urban centers. During the century, the average export to gross domestic product ratio for developed economies rose to about 11% and for individual trading countries particularly in Europe, higher(prenominal) ratios were recorded (Gruber, 2007). This however did not last for a long time as the First mankind War coupled with depression of inter-war brought internationalist trade to a halt, introduced imperial trading blocks, and increased tr ade tariffs substantially and other restrictions on import. Since 1945 however, there emerged far-reaching trading systems. Most countries began to trade with a large arrive of other countries. Regional trading became supportive of and complementary to more widespread multinational link. Even though the majority of trade took place between OECD nations, things began take a different route pretty first. These changes in the world economy since 1945 affected room formaneuver of multinational firms. Such changes included The Latin American and Eastern Asia industrializing economies began taking a substantial share of world trade the liberalization in India, china as well as other developing countries, which made these countries more than ever set to step to the fore their trading ties beyond borders. Another change was the growing communication and transportation infrastructure, which reduced uncertainties and costs of trade according to Karlsson & Honig (2009). This growth in trans portation and communication reduced significantly the investment required by multinational firms to venture in foreign economies. The crumbling of socialism after 1945 also brought very many nations into the international trading system. The formation of GATT and later WTO created a legal infrastructure, which was more accommodating than other previous systems originally 1945 and the tariffs were also substantially decreased. Discussion The improvement in communication and transportation boosted the military operation of internationalization process of firms. Before 1945, communication infrastructure was still very poor. In 1956, the most noteworthy improvement in communication came to pass when for the first time the American telegram as well as hollo opened a telephone cable that was transatlantic by means of microwaves amplification technology. Following this advancement, multinational corporations for instance Ford began utilizing this new communication network to exchange in formation as well as manage operations based in other countries from their headquarters in the United States. According to Gruber (2007), though telephone cable tremendously enhanced enterprise communication after 1945 especially in urban areas, a huge portion of the world never utilized that opportunity optimally. Nevertheless, the introduction of satellite communication theory in the early 1980s started a new chapter in the world of multinational firms as it stop isolation and made the world a global village, multinational firms could now operate from almost anywhere in the world as communication made everything quite simple for them. The collapse of communism and the appendage of capitalism after 1945 saw many other nations accepting the American style globalization. The fall of communism gave the Anglo-American powers an opportunity to institute the system of the United Nations and establish the institutions of international economics such as the valet de chambre Trade Orga nization (WTO). Financial collaboration was also introduced and this was a great opportunity for the multinational fir

The advent of new technologies that can treat hearing loss will Essay

The advent of new-fashioned technologies that can treat hearing loss bequeath ultimately eradicate Deaf culture - leaven Exampletanding of speech thereby leading to decline in the perception of deafness as a culture and enhancing the possibility of the eventual eradication of deaf culture in the near future. This is particularly evidence by current drastically reducing cases of deafness and enrollment in sign language schools. superstar of the major reasons why deaf culture is currently at risk of eradication by the launching of new technologies that treat hearing loss is that a number of the deaf people ar innate(p) of parents who are not deaf. Such parents have in certain situations shown excitement about the advancement in technology as witnessed in the cochlear implants. In most cases, the parents have the belief that the adoption of the implantations is a way to integrate the deaf into the hearing world. Often times, the parents realize the hearing impairments whilst the fry is around 2 years, and this finds when they have started developing stronger emotional bonds plus a caring relationship with the child. Consequently, the parent of the deaf child will be fast in soliciting for help from the relevant professionals upon realizing the deaf state. A parent who resorts to cochlear implants then succeeds in integrating his child into the hearing community might lure other parents and this will in the end eradicate the deaf culture.On the other hand, since deafness and loss of hearing are the main criterion for membership into a deaf culture, the eradication of deafness will ultimately fuss the culture of deafness of its members thereby ultimately leading to its eventual eradication. This is particularly because it is everyones wish to qualify individuals from the deaf community to make them form part of the hearing population. If the deaf are made to go through such(prenominal) a transformation, they are less likely to uphold the practices that pert ain to the deaf culture, and such a situation is likely to render the deaf culture eroded.In addition, some professionals have attributed their

Canadian Blood Services Analysis Research Paper

Canadian Blood Services Analysis - look into Paper ExampleIntroduction It has been the wish of Canadian Blood Services to continue manner of speaking lives with supplying adequate inventory. Nonetheless, it is quite obvious that the blood supply is b arely enough to meet the increase demand resulting from the ageing population as well as change magnitude number of emergencies and elective surgeries. As a result, this has called for development of efficient and effective strategies aimed at increasing blood supply through increased donors as well as repeat boons. This memo contains SWOT analysis and strategies that can be utilize to attain increased blood supply are outlined. Discussion Objectives of Canadian Blood Services Canadian Blood Services is an makeup that attempts to motivate people to donate blood. The organizations main purpose is to increase the number of donors to approximately 400,000 and donor retention statistics in order to meet the challenges of increasing blood demand. Increasing blood demand is associated with ageing population, increased emergencies and elective surgeries, and the need to reduce waiting time. Attaining this verifiable however, requires effective motivational strategies. SWOT Analysis In order to identify the best strategies that will principal to increased blood supply from donors, there is need to understand the strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats surrounding CBS. The SWOT analysis adjoin 1 displays some of the strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats facing the organization. Market Segmentation Market shareation is an important aspect in marketing since it provides an overview and vista to identify specific groups of persons or individuals to focus on while using promotional strategies to influence their behaviors. There are two forms or categories of market segment that CBS should focus on in a bid to increasing number of donors and repeated donations. These two categories are non-remunera ted and remunerated blood donation market segments. Remunerated Blood Donation Segment The remunerated blood donation segment involves individuals who are above 17 years of age. These individuals are reached out to through mails, flyers, or give voice or mouth. In most cases, the segment obtains financial incentives from CBS hence termed as remunerated blood donation segment. CBS has concentrated so much on this segment given that they are the majority within the country. However, the main challenge the organization faces is to motivate this segment in order to increase blood donations. Non-remunerated Blood Donation Segment This segment contains three main groups schools individuals aged between 15 and 24, working individuals between age 25 and 24, and the aged(a) donors aged above 55 years. The first two categories of this segment are often influenced by their friends who bugger off donated before. Other ways through which they are motivated to donate include satisfaction in sa ving another persons life, the need for acceptance, friendship, and love, and the conviction that some day they will be in the same situation. Reaching the school and working age is usually through internet, school learning programs, word of mouth, mails, and television programs. Notably, such individuals rarely donate blood since their donations depend on donation program in schools, time, and other obligations. The senior donors (aged above 55 years) on the other hand make donating decisions depending on individual(prenominal)