Celebrity Endorsement And Its Impact On Sales

Celebrity Endorsement And Its Impact On SalesResults disposition that honor sec has a large impact on bribe target and is in fact a causal factor based on the entropy obtained by dint of this inquiry.All three factors be said to positively affect procure intention and the results argon magnified when all three factors atomic number 18 present.It is seen that the most noneworthy impact is that of natural attractiveness if interpreted in isolation and the most signifi bedt impact is that of distinction / speck congruence when all three factors are taken into account.What this means is that without physical attractiveness, the impact of the other devil factors is negated (in the absence of physical attractiveness, purchase intention allow not increase) but the presence of physical attractiveness alone does not have a significant impact on purchase intention. Thus physical attractiveness is an important first flavour but it is not the most important reason for increas e in purchase intention.That belongs to smirch / laurels congruence, which is consistent with previous studies on the subject case Choose celebrities which have a good image chequer with the dent, otherwise the impact of the repute second base is minimal.The author concludes by stating that all three are important factors in making an impact on purchase intention through and through advertising and and so when choosing a famous person endorser, all three factors mustiness be taken into account.Celebrity Endorsement and its Impact on SalesJain (2011) proposes that the increase in notoriety warrant in the subcontinent in fresh-fashioned years, despite the rising costs is due to the increase in media coverage in the area and the increase in hero worship as well.This has been outline as the major reasons for increase in persuasiveness of celebrities, which in turn has resulted in an increase in their demand by corporations to endorse their respective brands.The look into documents the impact of celebrity endorsement with a guidance on the subcontinent, making it pertinent to this study. It is queried as to whether the relationship is always positive or whether there can be negative consequences as well.It is noted that for most brands, the concentrate has shifted from creating awareness and bringing attention towards their brands to a more contemporary approach, which is to create positive associations deep vanquish the minds of the consumers and to capture a share of mind, share of heart, share of wallet and share of spirit.This is the essence of branding in todays world and as such(prenominal), all marketing and advertise actions that are conducted are done so with this end goal in mind.The study researches the idea that celebrity endorsement leads to fulfillment of such goals or are they successful only in capturing the attention of the consumer and creating awareness without moving the consumer to the next stage.Celebrities are thought of as a link between the brand and the consumer and attend to to ease the process of purchase intention and thus it is imperative that the best celebrity be chosen, the one that is reform for the brand and has the potential to create the maximum impact on sales as well as brand rightfulness.As pointed out by other studies, endorsement helps brands to deal with clutter and that is the major reason to use celebrities, instead of e very(prenominal)day men and women in advertisement. One of the major decision criteria which helps corporations choose a celebrity is known as the Q-Rating. This Q rank helps brands to select a celebrity based on the rating that they have with the consumers. This rating is derived, based on a number of criteria but essentially boils down to cardinal who known is the celebrity and how liked is the celebrity.These two criteria form the backbone of the Q Rating system that helps corporations choose which celebrity is the best fit for their brand.The impact of celebrity endorsement is said to be based on 10 criteria, with the greater the score of the celebrity in each criteria, the greater the impact on sales and purchase intention.Celebrity / Target Market Match How backbreakingly direct market associates itself with the celebrity in question.Celebrity Values The link between the set of the celebrity and the values of the target audience, thus creating a link for the consumers with the brand.Cost of Celebrity The cost of the celebrity is generally an indication of the popularity of the celebrity and the higher(prenominal) the cost, the higher the popularity, thus the greater the chance of the celebrity persuading consumers. However the cost should always be compared to the added benefit and the go ahead should only be given if its realized that there is sufficient benefit from the increase in cost.Regional Appeal Different regions whitethorn have different appeals within a country and if a reaping is to be sold throughout the cou ntry, it is best to choose a celebrity with relative universal appeal.Celebrity Product Match The celebrity should be seen as having an image fit with the brand itself, as it is one of the key factors when trying to increase sales.Celebrity Controversy Risk The greater the chances that the celebrity may be involved in controversy, the lesser the chances that he or she would have a positive long term impact on sales and thus should be avoided.Popularity The greater the popularity, the greater the chances of brand recall and thus they have a high cost. It should be noted that in order to save cost, popularity should not be forgone.Availability The best celebrities may not be usable due to other endorsement commitments or there is a conflict of reside due to them endorsing a rival brand. In such a case, it is best to move on and choose the next best alternative.Attractiveness Attractiveness helps celebrities be more likeable and to connect more with the target market and as such this is an important attribute to look for in a celebrity.Credibility This helps the consumers to go for what the celebrity is saying and to pay more attention to him or her and what he or she is endorsing.This research is important as it looks at the factors within the partnership of a celebrity and a corporation and how they increase or decrease their impact on the impact of celebrity endorsement on sales and as such helps to decide how and when celebrities should be chosen as endorsers.Impact of celebrity Endorsement on Overall BrandIn order to select a celebrity for a given merchandiseion, there should be an optimal match between celebrity and brand image. Here are some parameters which should be considered (Katyal, 2010)Celebritys personal showcase is not controversialPersonal character fits with the image of the product / brandCost of hiring the celebrity is worth the outputIs there any controversy jeopardize attached after the ad bms launchedCelebritys popularityIs the cele britys appeal local anesthetic or regional and does it fit with the appeal of the product in terms of regionCelebritys overall believabilityIs the celebrity him or herself a brand user?What is celebrity profession? Does it matches to have a natural match to the product and appeal to the consumers. For example, celebrity shape from sport is natural to promote sports related stuff and footwear.What values celebrity is associated with the product? If a celebrity is put in a role to dish out the human dish out cause does he/she be social worker or figure.Does target audience neediness to believe in the celebrity for the target product to be advertised or message to be conveyed.After advent of television, cable television, and internet, advertisement industry got revolutionized. New trends and format were introduced for rapid and technical foul way to impress the humanity and numerous items, products and services became the household names. Television though invented in 1920s became commercial medium in 1950s.This happen when a price of the television sets began to approach affordable range of average person. Print and Radio had to take back seat to give a way to the new technologies. Now the commercials could be broadcasted with sight, sound, and motion. First time in the history advertisers saw huge potential of multimedia technologies which could give higher gains in sales and winnings provided dependable tools and ideas were selected. Cable television channel introduced channels like MTV for young music lovers, ESPN for sports enthusiasts and Food Networks for people with love of cooking. These new channels were attractive and gaiety for advertisers who wish to target certain audience for example entertainment, sports, or food (Sample, 2010).Celebrities in AdvertisingPersonal in marketing have use celebrities in commercials, print campaigns and promotions and other seller techniques for years. It has worked in the past because it was executed tight-laced ly. However, use of celebrities to grab viewers attention to eventually make sales depends on proper celebrity casting.The right selection of star to pitch the product will mean that the buyers can relate to that person the person a buyer would want to believe in. It is not as simple as you think it is because in many cases the right celebrity is not always affordable. On the flip side, the right celebrity is not always the most expensive one either. Above all else, the most important resides in considering whether the celebrity you select is right for your campaign and take the process from there.Another key factors that one must take into account is the fact that advertisers should downstairsstand the basic premise of hiring the celebrity and making it set free to him what is required and the nature of the exact role of the celebrity. If this is successful, companies may retain the celebrity for other products of their brand, making the celebrity more of a brand ambassador than a product endorser.Celebrities can be seen as a marketing vehicle that will likely to continue in the near future. As long as there are new stars being introduced into our entertainment arenas there will be no shortage of talent to fill the need. Though, doing the selection and positioning right is the biggest challenge but if done correctly it can translate into better response and higher sales volume.The equity effect of endorsement by celebrities A conceptual frameworkThe purpose of this study was create a framework which may be later used to organize and guide future research into how celebrity product endorsement creates equity for both the endorsed product-brand and the endorsing celebrity. The focus of Diana Senos study was how the celebrity as well as the brand could serve to increase equity for each other, essentially feeding off each others image to mutually benefit each other. It looked at the relationship between the endorser and the company and how a strategic fit coul d be achieved by utilizing the best fit of celebrity for the product to be endorsed.The central findings of the research state that celebrity endorsement is a form of co-branding and that both endorser image and brand image serve as mediators in the equity-creation process of celebrity product endorsement.Mobile brands connect with PakistanUmair Naeem examines the relationship and industry effects of celebrity endorsement on the telecommunications sector. Umair states how the increase in competition has led cellular service providers to resort to differentiating their brands less on the posterior of functionality and features and increasingly on the basis of emotional appeal and a certain message that is sent across. Celebrity endorsements are heavily used to drive base the emotional appeal and to personify the message that is being sent across.Using Mobilink as an example he states, Mobilinks sub-brand Indigo relied heavily on two factors toward establishing its brand equity bran d ambassadors that exuded style and sophistication, and a unique classy look that permeate all forms of its Indigo brand communication.Indigo used sits such as Zainab Qayum, movie stars like Shaan, and popular musicians such as Strings to infuse style into its branding. It as well played on the aspirations of young business professionals through the zephyr and the locales of Indigos ads.He believes celebrity endorsement is currently unavoidable to differentiate the brands which are increasingly similar in features and thus celebrities help to personify the brands qualities.The naked trueness of celebrity endorsementThis research was conducted to understand how celebrity endorsement worked for retail outlets and retail stores in general, with a focus on Europes leading chain, J. Sainsbury. Thus The focus of the study is on using celebrity endorsements for retail outlets. Its emphasis is on fit between celebrity image and brand image. Specific cases are examine to evaluate the d esign to which consumers associate themselves with the image that the given celebrity projects and how that, in turn affects their purchase behaviorSainsburys started using Jamie Oliver (a high profile television chef) for their advertisement campaign, who served to promote the companys grocery products. He was chosen as he was seen as the best fit for their brand.The case itself identifies the criteria that made the endorsement successful by conducting questionnaires, interviews, and focus group studies. It outlines the key elements along with how they were used in the campaign to create a sense of confidence amongst the consumers and thus creating a successful campaign. The overall extent to which the consumers associate themselves with the celebrity and his words is dissected.Impact of celebrity Endorsement on overall brandEndorsements are seen to be on the rise entailing a binding question posed to consumers. Is there a science behind the choice of the endorsers or is it just b y the popularity measurement? Which precise reasons lead to impact on brands by using celebrity endorsement?A thorough study of the paper streamlined a 14 point model which can be referred to as a blueprint criterion by brand managers for capitalizing on the celebrity resource through 360 degree brand communication and can also be used in selection of celebrities. The model was projected as the foundation brick on the impact of celebrity endorsement in paper.Our study revealed that 14 factors of the model and the effects of celebrity endorsement are proportional.Success of a brand is determined through celebrity endorsement which is accumulative of the pursuit 14 attributes. If the below parameters score is higher, the chances of getting close to the desired impact are greater.The winner stories of celebrity endorsement are promotions which reflect a fine fit between the brand and the 360 degree advertising. And a decent example of one such story is of Fardeen Khan and Provogue. In the apparel market, Provogues positioning is of a young, active, party-going, attention-grabbing brand and so is Fardeen Khan. The union between the two has had a massive impact and brand managers have utilized this endorsement through 360 degree dimension as noted earlier.Moreover, the marketing/advertising firms should identify the symbolic properties of the sought after product first, as also proposed by the transfer model. Thereafter, consultation of host celebrities is get to assure their similar traits with the product.Finally, after sorting out cipher and availability constraints, the suitable celebrity has to be chosen as a representation of symbolic brand properties. The chosen celebrity will have some meanings associated with him/her which will not be suitable for the product.Consequently, only salient features excluding unwanted meanings should be captured and taken care of.Also, advertisements should also be structured in way to highlight the essential similarities b etween celebrity and the product.When it comes to subtlety, depth and power in delivering meanings celebrities are a lot nuanced compared to anonymous models.Celebrities also offer demographic information, configurations of range of personality and lifestyle meanings very thoroughly. Their persona evokes meanings with greater clarity.Furthermore, celebrities through repeated performance on public stage create their personalized meanings which can be passed into advertisements, through meaning transfer process.For instance Preity Zinta is perceived as a fun-loving, vivacious and modern Indian woman who can be translated into brand campaign with similar characteristics. In conclusion, the fit between celebrity traits and brand positions and its attributes determine the success.Celebrity endorsementsMarketers need to be aware of the impact of using celebrities in commercials, promotions and print campaigns because it works if done properly. If business are about to make an effective a dvertisement, it must be attention-grabbing to its consumers and indeed most of them uses celebrities as endorsers.According to the article of Katyal S. (2008), celebrities serves the purpose of getting viewers attention but proper choice of celebrity determines whether it translates into a sale and product image is delivered precisely. Selecting the right star to enhance the image of your product means finding the person to whom your consumers can relate to, meaning the person your consumer wants to believe in.sometimes the selection of the right star for your product is not that daunting, until you realise that in many cases affordability is in question with the right celebrity.Essentially due to familiarity with stars, brands are commonly endorsed by celebrities who make them enormously attractive to consumers. But anyone who thinks seriously about branding soon realises that there are basically two kinds of strong brands those that are focused and those that are diversified.Si gnificance of branding with celebrity endorsements is complicated to estimate in the present cluttered media industry and consumer markets. Electronic media branding including television will be of continuing interest and splendor even with its idiosyncrasies in consumer payment and brand definition. There are three explanatory reasons for this firstly a strong brand identity is crucial to producing audiences in a multichannel environment which is an environment that is becoming more and more crowded as television converts to digital delivery. perchance it is the only means of gaining a place in a viewers/ users channel repertoire. Secondly, brands are important for businesses to expand its markets. Extensions of brand marry an established brand to a new service as a means of establishing immediate market credibility.Besides that the third aspect explains, branding with the use of celebrities in which it is necessary to leverage corporate assets in order to open new markets. These markets may be related to the present business of a branded entity (e.g., ESPN Magazine, CBS Sportsline website), or if not separate they may be unrelated (e.g., logo apparel and other merchandise, Fox Sports restaurant/bars).With the traditional advertiser supported model of television under increasing pressure, television providers, and especially broadcasters, are constantly looking for new tax streams to continue enhancing brand image and generate sales extensively. All in all, the power of an endorsement by a celebrity depends on the relevance of the celebrity to the product. For example, if Oprah was promoting a book about an issue particularly relevant to women wherefore she is most likely to be effective. A famous chef can endorse a cook book or a famous fitness celebrity can certify an exercise book. If the buyer believes that the celebrity brings an unusual insight or twist, they would be more interested.In the case of skin whitening products, Lucida-ds and Met Tathione should cautiously assess their endorsers to avoid business campaign failure in terms wrong brand perceptions and ultimate sale drop. Therefore, it is important to consider the conformity of the product and the alignment of both celebrity and brand attribute to be a market winner.Chapter V Research Study DesignResearch ObjectivesObjectives to be analysed should be crisp and clear in order to observe the effectiveness of the decision for celebrity endorsement. Apart from the economic interests of celebrity endorsements (e.g. rise in total revenue/market share), it involves several psychological objectives. Such as an increased knowledge of the brand name, a more clear representation of brand/product characteristics by consumers, enriched attitude towards the ad, towards the brand and lastly, increased purchase intentions.Celebrity endorsement attributes that increase consumer purchase intentionCelebrity attributes that are of most importance when analyzing effectiveness of endorseme ntImpact of celebrity attributes on brand positioningEffects of multiple celebrity endorsement on brand imageEffects of celebrity endorsement on brand equityFactors that affect the consumers willingness to purchase a product or service when endorsed by a celebrity?Research Question What celebrity attributes affect purchase behavior of Lowe Raufs clients?HypothesisCelebrity endorsement has a significant / insignificant impact on consumer purchase behaviorH0= Celebrity endorsement does not have a significant impact on consumer purchase behaviorH1= Celebrity endorsement has a significant impact on consumer purchase behavior.Theoretical FrameworkThe theoretical framework has been designed based on the literature review on studies based on this topic. It has been identified through these studies that the following variables combine to form the essence of celebrity endorsement and together, they affect purchase intention.Source Chabo Dimed et. al (2005). Celebrity endorsement-Hidden fact ors to success, Journal of Advertising pp. 298-301Relevant VariablesVariableArticle constitutive(prenominal) definitionOperational DefinitionAttractiveness(Independent)Celebrity endorsements- Hidden factors to successThe likeability of the celebrity associated with a product or service with regard to the glamour of the celebrity.Q 17, 18, 19, 20 21Purchase Intention(Dependent)Impact of Celebrity Endorsement on Consumer Buying Behavior and Brand BuildingThe ways in which a consumer interacts in accordance with the advertisement strategies run by a company for its product or service.Q12, 13 15Brand celebrity Fit(Independent)Impact of celebrity endorsements on brandsIt explains how closely the personality and image of the celebrity matches the positioning of brand.Q 26, 27 ,28 29Brand Recall(Independent)Advertisement and PromotionIt explains how the consumer recognizes the brand with the celebrity who endorses the product or service.Q7, 8, 9, 10 11Likeability(Independent)Impact of celebrity advertisement on customers brand perceptionIt explains how the charm or glamour of the celebrity affects the sales of the brand.Q 24 25Trustworthiness(Independent)Celebrity endorsements- Hidden factors to successThe celebritys history with the consumers develops a take aim of trust between the two parties and this is what trustworthiness explains here.Q 22 23Source Chabo Dimed et. al (2005). Celebrity endorsement-Hidden factors to success, Journal of Advertising pp. 298-301Research MethodologyThis section outlines and elaborates on the research and how it was conducted. It covers the details of the research design, methodology for collecting the data, population, questionnaire development and data analysis.The consider of the paper is to figure out how celebrity or endorsements affect brands. The basic idea is to equip ourselves with additional research on the phenomenon of consumer response with respect to celebrity endorsed brands this makes the research a basic rese arch. Since the objective is to find how celebrity endorsements affect brands, this research is termed causal in nature.Data TypeThe bulk of this study revolves round quantitative data due to the fact that there is greater chance of bias in qualitative data as well as the fact that that numeric data is easier to analyze and understand. Data may be clearly measured and hence this serves as the major portion of the analysis. Quantitative data has been obtained through questionnaires, filled up by employees of Lowe Rauf as well as the final consumers so that both perspectives are covered.Qualitative data is in the form of interviews, two of which are conducted one with the GM of the Lahore division and another, a joint interview with the account managers of Nestle and Mitchells.PopulationThe study is based on understanding how consumers purchase intention is affected in the wake of celebrity endorsement. Since the study is limited to Lahore, the overall population sample would be equ al users in Lahore, which equates to 4,695,600 (based on local census). consume ProcedureConvenience, non-probability sampling is used for the questionnaire, based on the ease of access and availability of resources for the researcher.The final sample for the questionnaire consists of 30 users (16 male, 14 female) with varying ages, income brackets and occupations.For the interview, as stated, Anwar Kabir (GM Lahore branch) and the two account managers (Haris Habib and Zakria Fawad) are interviewed, based on convenience as well as relevant experience, working within the industry and actually hiring celebrities.Sampling FrameFor the purpose of this research, the list of elements upon which the sample is selected from the population includes the fact that they should be easily accessible to the researcher (as convenience sampling is used). The other element of is that at least 50% of the sample should fall into the SEC B income bracket. This is because research shows this class to be the most frequent users of these products.For the interview, the major element (apart from convenience) is that the persons should be experience in terms of the celebrity endorsement process and must have actually worked on campaigns to select celebrities based on different factors.Data accumulation ProcedureThis research is based on the primary data collection approach. Questionnaires are used for collecting data. Personally administered questionnaires have been used. They were distributed to a total of 30 people of different ages, occupation and income requiring them to fill a total of 30 questions each. Once the questionnaires were filled they were collected. The anonymity and confidentiality of the respondents and their responses has been ensured and data was analyzed at an aggregate level only.Close ended questions are used in the questionnaire which helps the respondents to make quick decisions to choose among the several alternative before them (Sekaran, 2000). The nature o f the questionnaire has also helped the researcher to law the information easily for subsequent analysis.Likert-style rating scale was used it consists of subsequent options strongly conform to, agree, neutral, disagree, and strongly disagree. Different statements were made in the questions and respondents were asked the degree as to what they agree or disagree upon.Questionnaire DevelopmentThe questionnaire itself was kept simple and basic to ensure clarity and reduce bias. The purpose was to gather data from the selected population sample with regards to the topic. The questionnaire consisted of two parts, the first section contained six questions seeking information about the respondents age, gender, income, marital status, education and occupation. The second section contained questions that were based on information regarding the variables identified in the first chapter, this section itself consisting of five sub-sections brand recognition and recall, purchase intention, end orser credibility and trustworthiness, endorser attractiveness likeability and image fit. The information attained would be used to analyze the findings and further the study.Questionnaire attached in Appendix 1Respondent ProfileData collection from the questionnaires shows that the respondent is a single 18-28 year male bookman with an income of 30,000-40,000. The other type of respondent is an 18-28 year old housewife with kids and income of 30,000-40,000.Graphical representations of respondent demographics in Appendix 2Data Analysis ProcedureOnce all the data is compiled, it is transferred to SPSS. This is done to understand how purchase intention is affected by the variables outlined in the theoretical framework.Values in the questionnaire are changed to numeric form so that data is quantified. Questions with the Likert-scale rating are given numeric forms, with 1 representing strongly disagree to 5 representing strongly agree.Using this method, the data is input into the softwa re and a regression model is created, along with descriptive statistics and frequency tables.Chapter VI Results FindingsInterview FindingsThere were two interviews conducted within the Lowe Rauf agency, the first was with the general manager, Anwar Kabir and the second was with Zakria Fawad, the account service maanger.The interviews revealed that it is necessary to prioritize the needs of the firm as well as the agency in light of the budget allotted to the advertisement itself and the portion of the budget available to hire a spokesperson.Since the ideal spokesperson may not be within budget or may not be available due to other reasons, it is imperative that the importance of the key celebrity endorsers attributes be ranked and measured in terms of the impact on purchase intention of the relevant consumer.There were five key attributes that were thought to be important by the Lowe Rauf management, which were attractiveness, likability, brand fit, trust worthiness and recognitio n.The order of their importance however is very subjective and it is believed that a more objective means to rank these and other relevant variables, would serve to make better and more informed judgments as to the importance of each variable as per the needs of the client.Hence it becomes important to conduct a regression analysis and quantify the impact of each variable on the purchase intention of consumers within the target customer category.Purchase intention = 0.0461095 + 0.353232* brand recognition and recall + 0.351173* trustworthiness + 0.133718* attractiveness 0.0495677* image fit + 0.21128* likeabilityThe model tested has a coefficient of determina

Overview of Image-Based Shading Techniques

Overview of picture show-Based blending TechniquesRishabh chand sharmaBrahmdutt bhoraAbstract Image bear oning input, such as a photo or video frame is an pick up for which any attain of signal processing functions by development hears using mathematical is processing. Most forecast processing techniques, such as a two-dimensional or three-dimensional image signal is treated. Image processing methods used are two references of analog and digital image processing. Shading is also utilitarian in image rendering. Rendering through data processor programs, (collectively, can be called a purview file or model) is the process of creating an image of the 3D model from 2D images. In the processing of images, shading is very important method for smooth the progress and get the results. Shading 3D models with varying levels of darkness in the photographic film refers to the depiction of depth perception. In this cover we introduce the comparisons between several(predicate) types of shadings. Here introduce which shading method is best rather than others.Keywords image processing, image rendering, shading.I. entranceAn image is an array, or matrix, of square pixels (picture elements) arranged in rows and columns. A grayscale image (8 smirch) for each picture element ranges from 0 to 255 that is a fixed intensity. distributively picture element of grayscale images (8 bit) usually calls a black and white image, but the image includes many shades of gray.Here shows square grayscale image which have different type of shade with differ values means each pixel have a particular value within range (0 to 255).Figure 1 Each pixel has a value from 0 (black) to 255 (white). The possible range of the pixel values depend on the colour depth of the image, here 8 bit = 256 tones or grayscales.Image processing An image processing system is to get a magnified image (digital image) from an image or to extract some useful information from it. This is a method to take some action on it. The characteristics associated with the input image or the image can be output as video frames or photo, is a type of image in which the signal system. They have already set up to implement signal processing methods, image processing systems, while generally treated as two-dimensional signals, images.Image processing basically includes the following three steps-Image importing with the optical electronic scanner or digital photography.Analysis and data compression and image enhancement which include manipulating the image and satellite images that is not like the human eye for spying pattern.The production is frame on the result image or image analysis in the report can be changed, which is in the final stage.Image processing methods used are two types of analog and digital image processing. Analog or printout of image processing and visualization techniques like photographs can be used for hard copies. Digital processing technology is using computer manipulati on of digital images that helps.The method by which images are produced the real space, dead, and the interactions between quarrys in the camera often significant shading across the image field of view leads to situations where exhibits. In some cases, may be bright in the center of the image and the same goes to the edge of the field of view as the decrease in brightness. In other cases, the image on the right side to the leave may be darker and hoy. Cinematography non-uniform illumination, non-uniform sensitivity camera, or on the glass can also be caused by dirt and dust (lens) surfaces.Shading Shading 3D models with varying levels of darkness in the picture refers to the depiction of depth perception. Shading is use in the MIP and LMIP 1. Here we include two types of shading techniques. unwavering shadingSmooth shadingFurther we debate in part II about image rendering and framework, in part III discuss about shading techniques used in image rendering and conclude the pa per in part IV.II. IMAGE BASED MODELING AND RENDERINGImage-based modeling and rendering techniques, image synthesis recently a powerful alternative to traditional geometry-based technology has received as much attention 2.Rendering is the process of generating an image from a model by means of a software program. The model is a description of three dimensional objects in a stringently defined data structure. It contains geometry, viewpoint, texture and lighting information 3.We can distinguish two fundamental approaches to rendering geometry-based and image-based rendering.In geometry-based rendering, a scene is described using geometrical primitives, which are discredited into points, lines and triangles for rendering 3.In image-based rendering, a scene is rendered making use of multiple input images, without any 3D object or scene information 3.Most rendering algorithms are a combination of these two paradigms, for example texture mapping (image-based) in polygonal shapeal shape rendering (geometry-based) 3.In the image rendering we use three types of rendering techniques.Scanline rendering Scanline rendering instead of a line-by-line on the works that appear as 3D computer prowess, is an algorithm to determine the surface of a polygon-to-polygon or pixel by pixel.All of polygons before they appear for the first time at which the Y, the image on the front of each line or polygon with scanline sorted list by using the intersection of a scanline calculations, are solved by coordinate the provided that the sorted list is not as advanced active scaline photo below, visible long polygon is updated to discard.The main advantage of this method is that the scanning flat with the usual sorting corner expurgates the number of comparisons between the edges.Ray shadow Ray tracing through pixels in an image plane of light tracing the path of light through pixels and their encounters with virtual objects to create an image by simulating the effect of a technique.Ra y casting Ray casting computer prowess and computational geometry to solve a variety of problems in testing is the use of ray-surface intersection.2D image based rendering Such sprites, billboards, Impostors, and Layering image on a screen to display images as 2D techniques. Sprites, billboards, and Impostors some demarcation geometry as a structure instead of applying the image, image technique employs an off-screen.3D image based rendering 3D IBR 2-D methods when compared to the realism of rendered images, but only slightly increased with the complexity that involves the addition of several techniques. Examples of IBR layered 3D depth, images, view morphing, and includes view interposition.4D image based rendering Last IBR approach to provide a four-dimensional function, a simplified view function Plenoptic implements. Image data for synthetic and real-world scenes recently developed two methods for rendering camera views have been.Figure 2 A variety of rendering techniques appl ied to a single 3D sceneIII. IMAGE BASED SHADING AND TECHNIQUESColor presents a problem for shape-from-shading methods because it affects the apparent shading and hence the apparent shape as well 4.We take as our denition of shading that it is the sum of all the processes affecting the image intensity other than changes in surface color (hue or brightness). Shading arises from changes in surface orientation and illumination intensity 4. Shading 3D models with varying levels of darkness in the picture refers to the depiction of depth perception.Shading less dense or lighter areas with a lighter shade or darker areas more densely media apply a darker shade on the paper with dark levels is used for spokesperson in the drawing, and is . The straight lines of varying proximity to the shadows are drawn in a grid pattern in a region where there are different techniques of cinematography, including the cross hatching. Dark, with the lines and odd field appears. Similarly, the different li nes, appears lighter area.Figure 3 Example of shadingIn the image processing, we shaded the image with the help of two techniques- suave shadingSmooth shadingFlat shading Their respective colors and a lighting technology is used in each polygon of an object based on the angle between the intensity of the light source 3D computer graphics and general surface light source in the direction of flat polygon shading shadow.The main disadvantage of the flat shading, the low polygon model provides a versatile look. Sometimes may be it boxy look modeling objects such as profit through.Smooth shading The main disadvantage of the flat shading, the low polygon model provides a versatile look. Sometimes it boxy look modeling objects such smooth shading, pixel by pixel, to the contrary, flat shading with color changes. The curved surfaces of the polygon vertices interpellation technique uses to calculate the values of the pixels holds. Smooth shading Hakrup divided into two major categories thro ugh the benefits might be.Gouroud shading Gouraud shading surfaces represented by polygon meshes to produce continuous shading of computer graphics is used as an interpolation method.Gouraud shading is most often at the corners of each triangle of light and linear triangle covered by computing the resulting color for each pixel by interpolating surfaces triangle is used to obtain continuous light. Gouraud shading, flat shading and Phong shading is considered better than the much less processing is required, but generally results in a multilateral track.Phong shading than, Gouraud shading strength and weakness lies in its riddance. The corner count expensive light color values from samples interpolating, corner than a mesh screen space covers more pixels, so as to reduce the processor Phong shading calculations performed for each pixel of light is intense. However, the highly localized light effects will not be rendered correctly, and in the middle of a polygon is a highlight, but does not spread to the top of the polygon, then it will not be clear in rendering a Gouraud A highlight is on top of a polygon Conversely, if, it will be rendered correctly on the summit, but all through the neighboring polygon interpolation method will be spread across unnatural.Figure 4 Comparisions of Flat shading and Gouroud shadingPhong shading Phong shading 3D computer graphics shading the surface as an interpolation technique shows. It also called Fong interpolation or normal vector interpolation shading. In particular, the rasterized polygon normals across the surface of the interpolated normals and interpolates and calculates a reflection model based on pixel color. Interpolation and Fong Fong Fong shading also can refer to specific combinations of reflection model.Gouraud shading Phong shading correction and the shading of a smooth surface provides a better approximation. Phong shading a smooth surface normal vector is different. Phong reflection model, such as the small s pecular highlights that when applied to a reflection model Fong interpolation method works better than Gouraud shading.Figure 5Visual illustration of the Phong equation here the light is white, the ambient and diffuse colors are both blue, and the specular color is white, reflecting a small part of the light strike the surface, but only in very narrow highlights. The intensity of the diffuse component varies with the direction of the surface, and the ambient component is uniform (independent of direction).Specular highlights are found in the middle of a large polygon Gouraud shading with the most serious problem occurs. The specular highlights peak based on the color of the polygon vertices and Gouraud shading interpolates are absent, specular highlighting will disappear from the interior of the polygon. This problem is fixed by Phong shading.Figure 6 Comparisions between flat shading and phongShadingFigure 7 Comparisions between flat, gouroud and phong shadingIV. CONCLUSIONImage p rocessing is the wide area use in everywhere like in medical, video games, visual effects etc. Rendering is the method for view digital images and process them. Shading is use in image rendering. In this paper we represent the shading techniques and show the comparisons between them. Now conclusion of this paper is, Phong shading is better than other shading techniques like as flat shading and gouroud shading. In the further technologies we discuss the upcoming shading techniques.V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe first guide is thankful to Brahdutt Bohra for instructive suggestions, and also wants to thank the Dr. Surender yadav. The blessing, help and guidance stipulation by him time to time shall carry me a long way in the journey of life.REFERENCES1 Feng Ling, Ling Yang. Improved on Maximum intensity projection. 2009 world-wide Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Computational Intelligence .978-0-7695-3816-7/09 $26.00 2009 IEEE DOI 10.1109/AICI.2009.202.2 Heung-Yeung Shum and Sing B ing Kang. A Review of Image-based Rendering Techniques.3 Mandakini Kaushik, Kapil Kumar Nagwanshi, Dr. Lokesh Kumar Sharma. A Overview of Point-based Rendering Techniques. International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology- volume3Issue1- 2012. ISSN 2231-2803.4Brian V. Funt, Mark S. Drew, and Michael Brockington. Recovering Shading from Color Images. ECCV92, Second European Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 124-132, May, 1992.

US and EU Approaches Towards Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

US and EU Approaches Towards Israeli-Palestinian ConflictThe discipline of pop outside(a) traffic is both an academic as tumefy a public polity atomic flex of events 18na, which emerges from g overnmental science. It is the subject and channel of International dealing, which adequately get overes a outside policy of a claim inwardly the confines of an human cosmosness-wide outline. International sexual sexual traffic to a fault take into account role of serviceman(prenominal) organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), as strong as multinational companies/corporations.Since the primary objective of transnational transaction is both an analysis as well as formulation of a irrelevant policy, it could either be positive, or normative. In order for a foreign policy tube either positive or normative, it has to inculcate such(prenominal)(prenominal) diverse argonas and subjects as semipolitical science, frugals, recital, law, doctrine, ara studie s, sociology, cultural studies, and a number of an different(prenominal) social sciences hence its utility for both analysis as well as formulation of foreign policy.In addition, it excessively admits and addresses such varied stipulate of edits as stinting development, foreign aid, environmental movement, nationalism, nuclear proliferation and human rights. However, for homo-wide relations to be a great deal applicable, effective, or at the least in the res publica body of ideas, there are divers(a) theories, which ultimately premise us to the real introduction of policy. International relations theories hence provide a decorate of guidelines on the wholeowing us to agree to, as well as arrive at shaping better multinationalistist outcomes. In addition, world-wideist relation theories only in anyow for a better understanding of world events, and wherever necessary, provide for better solutions to the numerous put unders and problems faced by the world c ommunity of interests.One whitethorn likewise n angiotensin converting enzyme that distributively scheme, including the various planetary theories may not provide for answers to all the problems and issues faced by the world community however they do provide and assist us in showtimeborn thinking about and wherefore finding probable and the most viable solutions to the host of problems and issues faced by the world community. At the onset, internationalisticisticistic relation theories can and do provide us with alternatives, and possibly even anticipate the various courses of international events in the global spectrum of political science.Some of the most parkland and practiced international theories accept Constructivism, Institutionalism, Marxism, and Neo-Gramscianism. Yet, the most dominant international theories, or kind of the schools of thought which dedicate been practiced in international politics include the international theories of naive naturalism a nd Liberalism (Walt, 1998, p29.IntroductionHaving briefly touched upon the subject of international relations and international relation theories, the obeying dissertation allow for strive to address the express deuce disciplines within the context of iodine of the past centuries most disputed international issue the Israeli-Palestinian passage of arms. The dissertation will thus address this force per unit area international issue from the aspect of various international theories, with a grouchy focus on the varied approaches interpreted by the fall in evidences of the States, and that taken by the atomic number 63an confederation.For a better understanding of the unalike perspectives and approaches taken by the United States of the States and the European Union respectively, it would only be imperative that an impact and in-depth study the various international relations theories be too made part of this dissertation. The study of the to a greater extent dominant, i f not all the international theories bring forths all the more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) importance as both the United States of the States and the European Union group of nations for each one and only(a) follow a somewhat different set of strategies in their international relations.The equivalent is unfeigned for Israeli-Palestinian conflict, as both the United States of America as iodine international player, and the European Union group of nations as the plump for major player each address, view, and practice more than just a passing difference to one of the set out twenty-four hourss most pressing international conflict.As the present dissertation addresses the primary subject of the recent different approaches of the United States of America and the European for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in peculiar(a), and the Middle East heartsease Process in general, it would only be imperative to commence the paper with the respective international relation t heories, and through with(predicate) the study of these theories, present how respective international relations theories claim influenced the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.The following dissertation will thus strive to address the various international relation theories in brief, viz. the theories of reality, Liberalism, and Constructivism, Though all these international relation theories enjoy their distinct places in international relations and politics, the theories of Realism and Constructivism are the ones that are practiced more commonly. Since these two theories comprise and are considered standard policy, the akin will comprise of majority of the discussion in the present dissertation.The international relations possibility of realism being the most widely practiced, and the accompaniment that it is this vital opening that has been at the helm of most, if not all US foreign policies, the same has to a fault been adopted by majority of nations golden with the United States, or have been her allies at one time or other. This will be followed by a discussion of the second most vitally important international relations possibility, that of Constructivism. It is this hypothesis of constructivism that has largely been enlistd by majority, if not all the European Union nations.The primary distinction amid the scheme of realism and that of constructivism is that, the supposition of realism premises on the realist approach, as the term so call downs. On the other hand, the opening of constructivism largely relies on softer modes of communication, negotiation, socialization, and sake of ends through love-in-idlenessful measures. The dissertation will then proceed with discussions on both the United States and the European Union nations, and address the perspective and approach taken by each on the issue of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in light of the pertinent international relations surmisal.Some of the Dominant International Relation Th eories In BriefInternational scheme of RealismOne of the primary crownics to be discussed in the present dissertation is the role or perspective of the United States of Americano the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and pose whether the United States is influenced by ideas from the international relation theory of Realism. In this context, it would only be imperative to present brief on the international relations theory of Realism, some of its key assumptions, and then arrive at the US approach respectively.A brief on the international relations theory of Realism reveals that it has practically been associated with German terms of real and realitatimplying substantive or as the term so states real and politikimplying politics or policy. both(prenominal) these terms were perhaps depression coined by one of Germ eachs leaders in the earlier part of the 20thcentury, Bismarck. In his attempts to aim about a suitable balance of business leader amongst the various European states, Bismarck sought peace as one of the most viable solutions in the then Europe of the earlier 20thcentury.Bismarck was aided by a number of realpolitik practitioners who worked as hard to avoid an arms race in Europe. Bismarcks efforts however did not bear any fruit, as the early part of the 20thcentury witnessed arms race amongst the various nations of Europe, as well as formation of various alliances culminating in one of humanitys first ever global tragedies, that of World war I.Some of the principle theorist of the international theory of Realism includes Carr, Kenneth N. Waltz, and Hans J. Morgenthau. However, it was Morgenthaus Politics Among Nations, which perhaps formally schemeized classical Realism. jibe to Margenthau, there exist six principles, which he outlined in his famous book, Politics Among Nations. These six points are presented in the first chapter of his above express book. These vitally important facets of Morgenthaus Theory of Realism areInternational rela tions is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature.The key context is the concept of interest defined in terms of power.Interest defined as power is an objective category which is universally valid, although its exact importee may change with time and circumstance.While moral principles have a place, they cannot be defined identically at every time and place, and apply differently to individuals and the state.The moral aspirations of a particular nation are not moral laws that govern the universe.Politics is an peremptory sphere that needs to be analysed as an entity, without being subordinated to outside values (Morgenthau, 1973,Chapter 1)International Theory of RealismIn-depth studies on the international relations theory of Realism reveal that there exist a number of primary assumptions, which guide the followers, or practitioners of the Realism theory. One of the first assumptions of Realism theory is that the entire international system is anarchic im plying that that is the state alone is the supreme authority, and no other state or states can or have the potentiality to regulate the personal business of another state. The theory of Realism promote assumes that any higher supreme authority cannot dictate a state, and that there is no existence of any world government.This implies that each state must strive to stimulate relations with other states on their own, instead of being dictated to do so. The theory of Realism provided assumes that there is no role for any international organization, non-governmental organization, or multi-national corporation in the affairs of the state, and that the reign of astute governs all the international affairs. Thus, following the assumptions of the theory of Realism, a state is a rational instrumentalist amongst the community of global nations, and will always strive toward sits self-interest, which in raise call for ensuring the states security.Continuing with the theory of Realism, t he same state will take all measures to secure its status as a sovereign nation including but not limited to amassing of resources, and relations with other states to be immovable by the respective level of power enjoyed by the other state/s.The level of power in turn is assessed from the respective states economic and legions capability. perhaps the most stringent assumption inherent in the international relations theory of Realism is its tenet that states are inherently aggressive, and further that a states economic or military expansion can only be limited by the powers of the opposing state. (Waltz, 1964 Karl et al,1969 Mearsheimer, 1994)A further insight into the international relation theory of Realism shows that it is divided into two sub-schools of thought, namely maximal realism and token(prenominal) realism. The first sub-school of realism, the maximal realism asserts that a state enjoys the status of the most virile entity in the world, and that all other states ali gn themselves with this fibrous state, and that also in their own interest and out of political necessity.The theory of maximal realism further assumes and somewhat asserts that, if there are two equally powerful entities in the world, it presents an unstable international political scenario. A prime example to this respect is that of fulfilment of Cold fight between the Soviet Union and the United States of America. According the maximal theory of Realism, such a situation will eventually lead to a stable international situation where one entity or state becomes more powerful, while the other into a less(prenominal) powerful entity respectively. (Waltz, 1964 Karl et al, 1969 Mearsheimer, 1994)The second sub-school of Realism, that of minimal realism assumes that the smaller and less powerful entities or states will align themselves with the most powerful entity in the world, and this would be brought about to protect the interests of the smaller and less powerful states from th e interests of the larger and single most powerful entity or state. The theory of minimal realism also assumes middle policy where two equally powerful states exist, and where the smaller and less powerful states may align themselves with either of the larger powerful state.The choice of selecting one of the larger and powerful states depends on the smaller states policies of the moment. This also implies that the smaller state may remain aligned with both the powerful states at the same time, stock-still pursue and align with one state belongings in view the interests and policies on a presumptuousness area of politics, issue, or social problem. (Waltz, 1964 Karl et al,1969 Mearsheimer, 1994)International Relations Theory of Neo-RealismThere exist notwithstanding another school of thought, one that is termed sane-realism. This was first coined by Kenneth N. Waltz in 1979, and was in fact an attempt at reformulating the pilot program theory of Realism in a modern and scientific perspective. One of the most works of Waltz was The Theory of International Politics, which aimed to rid the original theory of Realism of its defects. The Neo-Realism school of thought, with Waltz as one of its first proponents assumes and addresses the international relations in terms of the various structural properties of the international system which focuses on the distribution of power.The Neo-Realism theory in international relations somewhat rejects the variable of human nature in both times of war as well as peace. The neo-realism theory also neglects internal help politics of a prone state, which is perhaps the darkest element of this theory. Neglecting national policies of states in turn paves the path for conflict and move towards war, both of which are primarily bad to the respective state as well as its populations. In addition, neo-realism theorys primary assumption that the international system is anarchic, as also reiterated in the opening lines of theory of realism, further confirms the theorys own assumptions that conflict and war cannot be avoided.In times of anarchy, as are the assumptions of the neo-realism theory, states pursue goals of security, either through self-help such as amassment of economic and military resources, or through the formation of alliances with those who enjoy the status the most powerful states in the world. However, the stake of security goals for a particular states through the neo-realism theory, whether through self-help, or through the alliances with other organizations both is somewhat practical for a short spot only.As this theory does not provide a standing(prenominal) solution to the security needs of that respective nation simply due to the security dilemma where each state is witnessed to ever vigorously pursue attempts to modify its security, in turn provoking other states to do the same. The result of such conflicting approaches is none other than an insecure state, a condition that original ly prompted the state to take or adopt policies according to the theory one-realism respectively. (Waltz, Theory of International Politics)Yet another equally negative element of the neo-realism theory is its rejection of international institutions, which unremarkably serve as regulators of state behaviour as well as promotion pdf peace. According to the theorists of neo-realism, the international institutions are entities of self-interested great powers. The role of international institutions as per the theorists of neo-realism is limited to reflection of, instead of providing a concrete shape to the existing distribution of power in a tending(p) state.Furthermore, it is the balance of power and its pursuit, which holds true for followers of neo-realism theory. For the governance of, and pursuit of happen uponing a balance of power, the greater and more powerful entities or states induce both the economic means as well as military strength/power. When both the express tools to o are presumably insufficient, the strategy of forming alliances with stronger and more powerful powers is then pursued(Waltz, 1964 Karl et al, 1969 Mearsheimer, 1994)International Relations Theory of ConstructivismThe theory of Constructivism is also an important theory practiced in the arena of international relations with places particular emphasis on identities, norms, and culture in world politics. The theory of Constructivism thus allows for identities and interests of states to be used as tools for interactions, as are institutions, norms, and cultures utilized. The importance is therefore given to the different processes, rather than the structure of different actors and institutions not only for interaction, but also for arriving at peaceful means and resolutions of equally varied issues and conflicts in the res publica of international relations, (Wendt, 1992).Constructivism as an international theory also explains the role of human consciousness in addressing the variou s problems and conflicts in the international arena of politics. Thus, one may note that the human action including the human capacity as well as the will of the respective people are duly utilized in order to nurture a deliberate placement and highlight the significance of a given issue, such as our subject conflict of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.It is the combination of the said human capacity and the will which in turn are responsible for the creation of social facts, or aspects which are dependent on the consensus of a given human agreements including but not limited to money, sovereignty and property rights respectively. The international relations theory of constructivism also explains the importance of identities and interests of the different parties to an issue or a conflict, and the fact that these parties or actors music-exist and share common factors as cultural beings.The said different parties also includes the state as one of the social actors, which in turn is bound to follow both international and domestic rules. The state in turn has to follow certain set or rules, norms, institutions, and identities, and thus allow the international relations theory of constructivism to offer new concepts for addressing and perhaps even re closure given issues and conflicts within and amongst states or parties.Thus, one may observe that the role of the human actors as parties to an issue or a given conflict, their identities and the role of institutions perhaps also act as theorys limitation, and it is this reasoning due to which there is tho to emerge a general theory of social constructivism of reality. Thus it could be assumed that the theory of constructivism is merely confined as a philosophy or a perspective based on theory, rather than an approach to and for the study or practice of international relations.On one hand, the theory of constructivism provides for a fruitful insight otherwise ignored by traditional theorists of international relati ons. At the same time the theory of constructivism also allows for an alternative framework, even though the same is theoretical in both perspective and practice in the arena of international relations.(Reggie, 1998)The international relations theory of constructivism could well be summed up to include the states as being the primary units of analysis in international political theory. Furthermore, the theory of constructivism gives importance to the relationships of the various actors, including institutions within a given state, rather than focus on the material aspect, as is the pillow slip in theory of realism as one example. Another vitally importance aspect of the theory of constructivism is that it gives importance to identities and interests of a state, as also give tongue to in the anterior lines, and somewhat overrides the role of, or system of human nature, or for that matter domestic politics in the realm of international relations. (Wendt,1994, pg.385)The theory of c onstructivism also offers a combination of social theory of knowledge where the involvement of all the relevant actors/players to an issue or conflict are a requisite, as well as somewhat rejects an individualist approach and theory of action, as is the case in, for example the theory of realism. Then there is the analysis of power in explaining the theory of constructivism, where theorists of constructivism argue that the distinction of the levels of observation and that of action, followed by a reflexive link between the two levels is central for a better understanding of the said theory. (European Journal of International Relations, 2000, pp.147-182)International Relation Theory of LiberalismUnlike the above-discussed theory of Realism, the international relations theory of Liberalism placed emphatically value and importance to international organizations, multinational corporations, Institutions as well as political parties of a given state. Thus, the role of such international organizations as the United Nations Organization, The International Monetary Fund, international corporations to the likes of Shell, institutions such as The Papacy, and to a certain extent political parties in a state are acknowledged as active players in the wider arena of international relations.In addition, the international relation theory of Liberalism also places broad perspective to such age-old ideas as Wilson Ian Idealism and contemporary neo-liberal and parliamentary peace thesis. It could also be implied that Liberalism places the value of a state as one actor amongst the different actors, as also stated in the preceding lines. Thus, allowing a state to fully cooperate with and through institutional mechanisms and use bargaining as one of the means to peacefully arrive at solving solutions and protecting interests of the respective state. (Wendt, 1992)Brief diachronic BackgroundThe above sections of the dissertation briefly discuss some of the dominant theories in in ternational relations the world over, as well as provide an insight on the international relation theory of Realisms as a case study. The theory of Realism was elect since it has become somewhat of a standard theory policy for majority of the western governments, with particular cite to the United States of America. In our present dissertation of Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and up glide slope discussions on the different approaches by both the United States of America as well as the European Union group of countries, it is only imperative that the said conflict be briefed in its entirety.Researchers and analysts the world over have described the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as the War of Two Rights, and rightly so, as it is the precise exposition which best affirms as well as defines the basic set of principles of humanity on which the conflict continues to date. Both the major partners to the conflict, the Jews and the Palestinians follow their own perspectives, ideals, and co mmon history which has led them to become partners to one of the most volatile and complex of all present day conflicts on the globe.A glimpse on the regions history reveals that there exists a number of causes, issues, and factors which have fuelled, marred, as well as served to escalate this volatile and complex of conflicts over a period of more than 5 decenniums the first vote to partition nirvana was casting 1947 marketing the beginning of the present day conflict. Though the funny event of creating a homeland for the Jews in areas that each party claims as their right was primarily between two distinct religions, Zionism and Islam, the conflict today has widened to include people of the same region/land (Palestine), same religions, and similar culture.Thus, one may observe that there are distinct branches of Muslims (Lebanese Shiite and Lebanese Sunnis) and Christians (Jews and Lebanese Christians), all of who follow their own ideals, set of principles and characteristics wi thin the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In addition, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict today divides not only the major religions, it also includes and is more than influenced by countries as furthermost off as the United States of America, European Union group of nations and the Soviet Union. This is not to mention the alliances, hold out and sympathies from equally diverse cultures and regions of a number of countries near the world for both the major parties to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Jews and the Palestinians.(Shapiro, 2005 Lynn, 1993)Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Historical Dateline in BriefA brief historical background to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict reveals that it can well be dated back to the 1800s, a period when the Jewish populations across Europe were facing severe persecutions. The answer to these persecutions led the Jews to a political movement, namely Zionism, in turn allowing them to move towards their biblical Promised Land. This was perhaps the begin ning and formation of a Jewish homeland within Palestine.The period prior to 1920 shows that the present day lands of Israel, all of the Occupied Territories of Gaza, and the West Bank were within Palestine. Yet the influx of Jews from across Europe commenced tensions within the entire Palestine, which later on turned and escalated into one of historys longest ever conflicts.The period of World War I, in particular the year 1916 witnessed the British Empire collaborating, and somewhat convincing various Arab leaders to repel against the Ottoman Empire in collapse for escort of, and the makeup of an independent Arab state which included Palestine. The British Empire, however did not keep its promise, and only a year later in 1917, announced its support for the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine. This historic turn of events was done by Lord Arthur Balfour, the then British Foreign Minister, as also naming the event as The Balfour Declaration of 1917.The Balfour Declaration of 1917, in turn opened up a new era of tensions between the Israelis and the Palestinian people, somewhat forcing the British Empire to enforce a mandate over the entire Palestine. This mandate spanned from 1920 to 1947. This was also period during which World War II was coming to an end, and the formation of the United Nations was on the anvil of the globe.One of the most severe implications and in-human acts perhaps never witnessed in all of previous human history were the atrocities perpetrate against the Jews at the hands of German leadership, a series of events that forced majority of the western countries to support and bring the Jews to areas that today comprise of the state of Israel, and the occupied territories. excessively termed as the Holocaust, the atrocities against the Jews at the hands of the Germans, virtually confirmed their place in the present days regions of Israel. Thus, it would not be wrong to deduce that the Holocaust was one of the primary factors for the formation of the state of Israel.The end of World War II, and the newly formed United Nations then witnessed a move to bring about peace in the Middle East. This was done through the formation of two states, and the internationalization of state of Israel. Palestine was thus partitioned and Israel formed on May 14, 1948.The establishment of a separate state for the Jews also witnessed majority of the Arab states rising in opposition. Among the states in Middle East who rise to oppose the establishment of Israel included Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Trans-Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Egypt. Yet, all these states were defeated at the hands of Israeli army. The Israelis were thus successful in securing a homeland, while the Palestinians were remaining without a state.An important event in the historical perspective of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is the Arab-Israeli war of 1967. The war of 1967 was a pre-emptive strike by the Israelis against Egypt, Syria, and Jordan . Though it was presumably an pre-emptive strike, yet the objective was perhaps to take over the territories of Golan highschool bordering and under the control of Syria, the West Bank bordering and under control of Jordan, and the Gaza strip from Egypt. History is evidence to the fact that Israel more than doubled its territories in this Arab-Israeli War of 1967. It is also one of the crucial issues, which have served to prolong the said issue from being resolved, or for peace to become permanent in the said issue.Later attempts by a number of countries of the Middle East including the United States, such as the joint attacks on Israel by Egypt and Syria in 1973, and the Camp David Accord of 1978 duly sponsored by the United States, and which involved top leaders from both Israeli and Palestine, failed miserably. The 1978 Camp David Accord however did accomplish an ally in Egypt, while the Arab world in general felt loss, as vast areas of disputed Palestine still remained unresolv ed and disputed.The entire decade of 1980s, the 1990s, and well to the end of the20th century witnessed the emergence of the Palestine uprising, also known as the Intifada, and continued violence in the regions of occupied territories, where the young Palestinians in particular came out on the streets, at times with goose egg more than sling shots and stones. At other times, with suicide bombings which left scores of Israelis killed and injured.In response, the Israeli too responded with a result that both sides suffered numerous casualties. The capital of Norway Peace Accord of 1993, though was an attempt to strike a peace deal forth Palestinians, yet this event, similar to earlier attempts to prove to be a one sided affair. As critics have continuously termed the Oslo Peace Accord to have largely benefited the Israelis more than it did for the Palestinians, as the accord has allowed the Israelis control over land, water, roads, and other necessary resources.As of the present day scenario, Israel today has some of the most advanced and superior military in the region, including both high techmilitary equipment, arms industries, and to top it all, nuclear capability matched only with the largest powers in the world. All this has been possible with economic and military assistance from the United States of America.Aside from the unilateral role of United States of America for the state of Israel, the role of the United Nations too has been critical, as two UN Resolutions, namely UN Resolution 242 and 181both have called for return of all lands captured in the 1967Arab-Israeli War, both of which are yet to be implemented, leaving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict unresolved as ever. (Shah, 2001)The US Involvement in the Israeli-Palestinian ConflictA brief on the involvement of the United States of America in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict reveals that the US first collaboration was witnessed when the United States supported the United Nations in the establishm ent of the State of Israel on May 15, 1948. With the United States of America taking over as the principle ally for the Jews, the British mandate (1920-1947) came to an end.Ever since the establishment of the State of Israel was declared, the United States has continued to support Israel in practically all areas of Israeli economy. According to various studies, the state of Israel has been one of the largest beneficiaries of US aid ever since its establishment in1948, which according to estimates has today reached some 3 billion dollars annually.One of the most significant aspects of US involvement, in the historical perspective, has been the unilateral support provided to Israelis during the 1956 debacle of Suez Canal. In the said debacle, IsraelUS and EU Approaches Towards Israeli-Palestinian ConflictUS and EU Approaches Towards Israeli-Palestinian ConflictThe discipline of International Relations is both an academic as well a public policy arena, which emerges from political sci ence. It is the subject and channel of International Relations, which adequately addresses a foreign policy of a state within the confines of an international system. International relations also take into account role of international organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), as well as multinational companies/corporations.Since the primary objective of international relations is both an analysis as well as formulation of a foreign policy, it could either be positive, or normative. In order for a foreign policy tube either positive or normative, it has to inculcate such diverse areas and subjects as political science, economics, history, law, philosophy, area studies, sociology, cultural studies, and a number of other social sciences hence its utility for both analysis as well as formulation of foreign policy.In addition, it also includes and addresses such varied set of issues as economic development, foreign aid, environmental movement, nationalism, nuclear proliferat ion and human rights. However, for international relations to be practically applicable, effective, or at the least in the realm body of ideas, there are various theories, which ultimately lead us to the real world of policy. International relations theories thus provide a set of guidelines allowing us to agree to, as well as arrive at shaping better international outcomes. In addition, international relation theories allow for a better understanding of world events, and wherever necessary, provide for better solutions to the numerous issues and problems faced by the world community.One may also note that any theory, including the various international theories may not provide for answers to all the problems and issues faced by the world community yet they do provide and assist us in first thinking about and then finding probable and the most viable solutions to the horde of problems and issues faced by the world community. At the onset, international relation theories can and do pr ovide us with alternatives, and possibly even anticipate the various courses of international events in the global spectrum of politics.Some of the most common and practiced international theories include Constructivism, Institutionalism, Marxism, and Neo-Gramscianism. Yet, the most dominant international theories, or rather the schools of thought which have been practiced in international politics include the international theories of Realism and Liberalism (Walt, 1998, p29.IntroductionHaving briefly touched upon the subject of international relations and international relation theories, the following dissertation will strive to address the said two disciplines within the context of one of the past centuries most disputed international issue the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The dissertation will thus address this pressing international issue from the perspective of various international theories, with a particular focus on the different approaches taken by the United States of Ame rica, and that taken by the European Union.For a better understanding of the different perspectives and approaches taken by the United States of America and the European Union respectively, it would only be imperative that an equal and in-depth study the various international relations theories be also made part of this dissertation. The study of the more dominant, if not all the international theories becomes all the more importance as both the United States of America and the European Union group of nations each follow a somewhat different set of strategies in their international relations.The same is true for Israeli-Palestinian conflict, as both the United States of America as one international player, and the European Union group of nations as the second major player each address, view, and practice more than just a passing difference to one of the present days most pressing international conflict.As the present dissertation addresses the primary subject of the recent different approaches of the United States of America and the European for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in particular, and the Middle East Peace Process in general, it would only be imperative to commence the paper with the respective international relation theories, and through the study of these theories, present how respective international relations theories have influenced the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.The following dissertation will thus strive to address the various international relation theories in brief, namely the theories of Realism, Liberalism, and Constructivism, Though all these international relation theories enjoy their distinct places in international relations and politics, the theories of Realism and Constructivism are the ones that are practiced more commonly. Since these two theories comprise and are considered standard policy, the same will comprise of majority of the discussion in the present dissertation.The international relations theory of realism being the m ost widely practiced, and the fact that it is this vital theory that has been at the helm of most, if not all US foreign policies, the same has also been adopted by majority of nations friendly with the United States, or have been her allies at one time or another. This will be followed by a discussion of the second most vitally important international relations theory, that of Constructivism. It is this theory of constructivism that has largely been pursued by majority, if not all the European Union nations.The primary distinction between the theory of realism and that of constructivism is that, the theory of realism premises on the realist approach, as the term so states. On the other hand, the theory of constructivism largely relies on softer modes of communication, negotiation, socialization, and pursuit of ends through peaceful measures. The dissertation will then proceed with discussions on both the United States and the European Union nations, and address the perspective and approach taken by each on the issue of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in light of the pertinent international relations theory.Some of the Dominant International Relation Theories In BriefInternational Theory of RealismOne of the primary topics to be discussed in the present dissertation is the role or perspective of the United States of Americano the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and show whether the United States is influenced by ideas from the international relation theory of Realism. In this context, it would only be imperative to present brief on the international relations theory of Realism, some of its key assumptions, and then arrive at the US approach respectively.A brief on the international relations theory of Realism reveals that it has often been associated with German terms of real and realitatimplying substantive or as the term so states real and politikimplying politics or policy. Both these terms were perhaps first coined by one of Germanys leaders in the earlier part of the 20thcentury, Bismarck. In his attempts to bring about a suitable balance of power amongst the various European states, Bismarck sought peace as one of the most viable solutions in the then Europe of the earlier 20thcentury.Bismarck was aided by a number of realpolitik practitioners who worked equally hard to avoid an arms race in Europe. Bismarcks efforts however did not bear any fruit, as the early part of the 20thcentury witnessed arms race amongst the various nations of Europe, as well as formation of various alliances culminating in one of humanitys first ever global tragedies, that of World War I.Some of the principle theorist of the international theory of Realism includes Carr, Kenneth N. Waltz, and Hans J. Morgenthau. However, it was Morgenthaus Politics Among Nations, which perhaps formally systemized classical Realism. According to Margenthau, there exist six principles, which he outlined in his famous book, Politics Among Nations. These six points are presente d in the first chapter of his above said book. These vitally important facets of Morgenthaus Theory of Realism areInternational relations is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature.The key consideration is the concept of interest defined in terms of power.Interest defined as power is an objective category which is universally valid, although its exact meaning may change with time and circumstance.While moral principles have a place, they cannot be defined identically at every time and place, and apply differently to individuals and the state.The moral aspirations of a particular nation are not moral laws that govern the universe.Politics is an autonomous sphere that needs to be analysed as an entity, without being subordinated to outside values (Morgenthau, 1973,Chapter 1)International Theory of RealismIn-depth studies on the international relations theory of Realism reveal that there exist a number of primary assumptions, which guide the followers, or pract itioners of the Realism theory. One of the first assumptions of Realism theory is that the entire international system is anarchic implying that that is the state alone is the supreme authority, and no other state or states can or have the capacity to regulate the affairs of another state. The theory of Realism further assumes that any higher supreme authority cannot dictate a state, and that there is no existence of any world government.This implies that each state must strive to create relations with other states on their own, instead of being dictated to do so. The theory of Realism further assumes that there is no role for any international organization, non-governmental organization, or multi-national corporation in the affairs of the state, and that the sovereignty of astute governs all the international affairs. Thus, following the assumptions of the theory of Realism, a state is a rational actor amongst the community of global nations, and will always strive toward sits self -interest, which in turn call for ensuring the states security.Continuing with the theory of Realism, the same state will take all measures to secure its status as a sovereign nation including but not limited to amassing of resources, and relations with other states to be determined by the respective level of power enjoyed by the other state/s.The level of power in turn is assessed from the respective states economic and military capability. Perhaps the most stringent assumption inherent in the international relations theory of Realism is its belief that states are inherently aggressive, and further that a states economic or military expansion can only be limited by the powers of the opposing state. (Waltz, 1964 Karl et al,1969 Mearsheimer, 1994)A further insight into the international relation theory of Realism shows that it is divided into two sub-schools of thought, namely maximal realism and minimal realism. The first sub-school of realism, the maximal realism asserts that a sta te enjoys the status of the most powerful entity in the world, and that all other states align themselves with this powerful state, and that too in their own interest and out of political necessity.The theory of maximal realism further assumes and somewhat asserts that, if there are two equally powerful entities in the world, it presents an unstable international political scenario. A prime example to this respect is that of period of Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States of America. According the maximal theory of Realism, such a situation will eventually lead to a stable international situation where one entity or state becomes more powerful, while the other into a less powerful entity respectively. (Waltz, 1964 Karl et al, 1969 Mearsheimer, 1994)The second sub-school of Realism, that of minimal realism assumes that the smaller and less powerful entities or states will align themselves with the most powerful entity in the world, and this would be brought about to protect the interests of the smaller and less powerful states from the interests of the larger and single most powerful entity or state. The theory of minimal realism also assumes middle policy where two equally powerful states exist, and where the smaller and less powerful states may align themselves with either of the larger powerful state.The choice of selecting one of the larger and powerful states depends on the smaller states policies of the moment. This also implies that the smaller state may remain aligned with both the powerful states at the same time, yet pursue and align with one state keeping in view the interests and policies on a given area of politics, issue, or social problem. (Waltz, 1964 Karl et al,1969 Mearsheimer, 1994)International Relations Theory of Neo-RealismThere exist yet another school of thought, one that is termed sane-realism. This was first coined by Kenneth N. Waltz in 1979, and was in fact an attempt at reformulating the original theory of Realism in a modern and scientific perspective. One of the most works of Waltz was The Theory of International Politics, which aimed to rid the original theory of Realism of its defects. The Neo-Realism school of thought, with Waltz as one of its first proponents assumes and addresses the international relations in terms of the various structural properties of the international system which focuses on the distribution of power.The Neo-Realism theory in international relations somewhat rejects the variable of human nature in both times of war as well as peace. The neo-realism theory also neglects domestic politics of a given state, which is perhaps the darkest element of this theory. Neglecting domestic policies of states in turn paves the path for conflict and move towards war, both of which are primarily detrimental to the respective state as well as its populations. In addition, neo-realism theorys primary assumption that the international system is anarchic, as also reiterated in the ope ning lines of theory of realism, further confirms the theorys own assumptions that conflict and war cannot be avoided.In times of anarchy, as are the assumptions of the neo-realism theory, states pursue goals of security, either through self-help such as amassment of economic and military resources, or through the formation of alliances with those who enjoy the status the most powerful states in the world. However, the pursuit of security goals for a particular states through the neo-realism theory, whether through self-help, or through the alliances with other organizations both is somewhat practical for a short period only.As this theory does not provide a permanent solution to the security needs of that respective nation simply due to the security dilemma where each state is witnessed to ever vigorously pursue attempts to improve its security, in turn provoking other states to do the same. The result of such conflicting approaches is none other than an insecure state, a condition that originally prompted the state to take or adopt policies according to the theory one-realism respectively. (Waltz, Theory of International Politics)Yet another equally negative element of the neo-realism theory is its rejection of international institutions, which normally serve as regulators of state behaviour as well as promotion pdf peace. According to the theorists of neo-realism, the international institutions are entities of self-interested great powers. The role of international institutions as per the theorists of neo-realism is limited to reflection of, instead of providing a concrete shape to the existing distribution of power in a given state.Furthermore, it is the balance of power and its pursuit, which holds true for followers of neo-realism theory. For the governance of, and pursuit of accomplishing a balance of power, the greater and more powerful entities or states acquire both the economic means as well as military strength/power. When both the said tools too a re presumably insufficient, the strategy of forming alliances with stronger and more powerful powers is then pursued(Waltz, 1964 Karl et al, 1969 Mearsheimer, 1994)International Relations Theory of ConstructivismThe theory of Constructivism is also an important theory practiced in the arena of international relations with places particular emphasis on identities, norms, and culture in world politics. The theory of Constructivism thus allows for identities and interests of states to be used as tools for interactions, as are institutions, norms, and cultures utilized. The importance is therefore given to the different processes, rather than the structure of different actors and institutions not only for interaction, but also for arriving at peaceful means and resolutions of equally varied issues and conflicts in the realm of international relations, (Wendt, 1992).Constructivism as an international theory also explains the role of human consciousness in addressing the various problems and conflicts in the international arena of politics. Thus, one may note that the human action including the human capacity as well as the will of the respective people are duly utilized in order to nurture a deliberate attitude and highlight the significance of a given issue, such as our subject conflict of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.It is the combination of the said human capacity and the will which in turn are responsible for the creation of social facts, or aspects which are dependent on the consensus of a given human agreements including but not limited to money, sovereignty and property rights respectively. The international relations theory of constructivism also explains the importance of identities and interests of the different parties to an issue or a conflict, and the fact that these parties or actors music-exist and share common factors as cultural beings.The said different parties also includes the state as one of the social actors, which in turn is bound to fol low both international and domestic rules. The state in turn has to follow certain set or rules, norms, institutions, and identities, and thus allow the international relations theory of constructivism to offer new concepts for addressing and perhaps even resolving given issues and conflicts within and amongst states or parties.Thus, one may observe that the role of the human actors as parties to an issue or a given conflict, their identities and the role of institutions perhaps also act as theorys limitation, and it is this reasoning due to which there is yet to emerge a general theory of social constructivism of reality. Thus it could be assumed that the theory of constructivism is merely confined as a philosophy or a perspective based on theory, rather than an approach to and for the study or practice of international relations.On one hand, the theory of constructivism provides for a fruitful insight otherwise ignored by traditional theorists of international relations. At the sa me time the theory of constructivism also allows for an alternative framework, even though the same is theoretical in both perspective and practice in the arena of international relations.(Reggie, 1998)The international relations theory of constructivism could well be summed up to include the states as being the primary units of analysis in international political theory. Furthermore, the theory of constructivism gives importance to the relationships of the various actors, including institutions within a given state, rather than focus on the material aspect, as is the case in theory of realism as one example. Another vitally importance aspect of the theory of constructivism is that it gives importance to identities and interests of a state, as also stated in the preceding lines, and somewhat overrides the role of, or system of human nature, or for that matter domestic politics in the realm of international relations. (Wendt,1994, pg.385)The theory of constructivism also offers a com bination of social theory of knowledge where the involvement of all the relevant actors/players to an issue or conflict are a requisite, as well as somewhat rejects an individualist approach and theory of action, as is the case in, for example the theory of realism. Then there is the analysis of power in explaining the theory of constructivism, where theorists of constructivism argue that the distinction of the levels of observation and that of action, followed by a reflexive link between the two levels is central for a better understanding of the said theory. (European Journal of International Relations, 2000, pp.147-182)International Relation Theory of LiberalismUnlike the above-discussed theory of Realism, the international relations theory of Liberalism placed emphatically value and importance to international organizations, multinational corporations, Institutions as well as political parties of a given state. Thus, the role of such international organizations as the United Nat ions Organization, The International Monetary Fund, Transnational corporations to the likes of Shell, institutions such as The Papacy, and to a certain extent political parties in a state are acknowledged as active players in the wider arena of international relations.In addition, the international relation theory of Liberalism also places broad perspective to such age-old ideas as Wilson Ian Idealism and contemporary neo-liberal and democratic peace thesis. It could also be implied that Liberalism places the value of a state as one actor amongst the different actors, as also stated in the preceding lines. Thus, allowing a state to fully cooperate with and through institutional mechanisms and use bargaining as one of the means to peacefully arrive at solving solutions and protecting interests of the respective state. (Wendt, 1992)Brief Historical BackgroundThe above sections of the dissertation briefly discuss some of the dominant theories in international relations the world over, as well as provide an insight on the international relation theory of Realisms as a case study. The theory of Realism was chosen since it has become somewhat of a standard theory policy for majority of the western governments, with particular reference to the United States of America. In our present dissertation of Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and forthcoming discussions on the different approaches by both the United States of America as well as the European Union group of countries, it is only imperative that the said conflict be briefed in its entirety.Researchers and analysts the world over have described the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as the War of Two Rights, and rightly so, as it is the precise description which best affirms as well as defines the basic set of principles of humanity on which the conflict continues to date. Both the major partners to the conflict, the Jews and the Palestinians follow their own perspectives, ideals, and common history which has led them to be come partners to one of the most volatile and complex of all present day conflicts on the globe.A glimpse on the regions history reveals that there exists a number of causes, issues, and factors which have fuelled, marred, as well as served to escalate this volatile and complex of conflicts over a period of more than 5 decades the first vote to partition Palestine was casting 1947 marketing the beginning of the present day conflict. Though the singular event of creating a homeland for the Jews in areas that each party claims as their right was primarily between two distinct religions, Zionism and Islam, the conflict today has widened to include people of the same region/land (Palestine), same religions, and similar culture.Thus, one may observe that there are distinct branches of Muslims (Lebanese Shiite and Lebanese Sunnis) and Christians (Jews and Lebanese Christians), all of who follow their own ideals, set of principles and characteristics within the Israeli-Palestinian conflict . In addition, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict today divides not only the major religions, it also includes and is more than influenced by countries as far off as the United States of America, European Union group of nations and the Soviet Union. This is not to mention the alliances, support and sympathies from equally diverse cultures and regions of a number of countries around the world for both the major parties to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Jews and the Palestinians.(Shapiro, 2005 Lynn, 1993)Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Historical Dateline in BriefA brief historical background to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict reveals that it can well be dated back to the 1800s, a period when the Jewish populations across Europe were facing severe persecutions. The answer to these persecutions led the Jews to a political movement, namely Zionism, in turn allowing them to move towards their biblical Promised Land. This was perhaps the beginning and establishment of a Jewish homeland wit hin Palestine.The period prior to 1920 shows that the present day lands of Israel, all of the Occupied Territories of Gaza, and the West Bank were within Palestine. Yet the influx of Jews from across Europe commenced tensions within the entire Palestine, which later on turned and escalated into one of historys longest ever conflicts.The period of World War I, in particular the year 1916 witnessed the British Empire collaborating, and somewhat convincing various Arab leaders to revolt against the Ottoman Empire in return for support of, and the establishment of an independent Arab state which included Palestine. The British Empire, however did not keep its promise, and only a year later in 1917, announced its support for the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine. This historic turn of events was done by Lord Arthur Balfour, the then British Foreign Minister, as also naming the event as The Balfour Declaration of 1917.The Balfour Declaration of 1917, in turn opened up a new era of tensions between the Israelis and the Palestinian people, somewhat forcing the British Empire to enforce a mandate over the entire Palestine. This mandate spanned from 1920 to 1947. This was also period during which World War II was coming to an end, and the formation of the United Nations was on the anvil of the globe.One of the most severe implications and in-human acts perhaps never witnessed in all of previous human history were the atrocities committed against the Jews at the hands of German leadership, a series of events that forced majority of the western countries to support and bring the Jews to areas that today comprise of the state of Israel, and the occupied territories. Also termed as the Holocaust, the atrocities against the Jews at the hands of the Germans, virtually confirmed their place in the present days regions of Israel. Thus, it would not be wrong to deduce that the Holocaust was one of the primary factors for the formation of the state of Israel.Th e end of World War II, and the newly formed United Nations then witnessed a move to bring about peace in the Middle East. This was done through the formation of two states, and the internationalization of state of Israel. Palestine was thus partitioned and Israel formed on May 14, 1948.The establishment of a separate state for the Jews also witnessed majority of the Arab states rising in opposition. Among the states in Middle East who rose to oppose the establishment of Israel included Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Trans-Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Egypt. Yet, all these states were defeated at the hands of Israeli army. The Israelis were thus successful in securing a homeland, while the Palestinians were left without a state.An important event in the historical perspective of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is the Arab-Israeli war of 1967. The war of 1967 was a pre-emptive strike by the Israelis against Egypt, Syria, and Jordan. Though it was presumably an pre-emptive strike, yet the objective was perhaps to take over the territories of Golan Heights bordering and under the control of Syria, the West Bank bordering and under control of Jordan, and the Gaza strip from Egypt. History is evidence to the fact that Israel more than doubled its territories in this Arab-Israeli War of 1967. It is also one of the crucial issues, which have served to prolong the said issue from being resolved, or for peace to become permanent in the said issue.Later attempts by a number of countries of the Middle East including the United States, such as the joint attacks on Israel by Egypt and Syria in 1973, and the Camp David Accord of 1978 duly sponsored by the United States, and which involved top leaders from both Israeli and Palestine, failed miserably. The 1978 Camp David Accord however did accomplish an ally in Egypt, while the Arab world in general felt loss, as vast areas of disputed Palestine still remained unresolved and disputed.The entire decade of 1980s, the 1990s, and wel l to the end of the20th century witnessed the emergence of the Palestine uprising, also known as the Intifada, and continued violence in the regions of occupied territories, where the young Palestinians in particular came out on the streets, at times with nothing more than sling shots and stones. At other times, with suicide bombings which left scores of Israelis killed and injured.In response, the Israeli too responded with a result that both sides suffered numerous casualties. The Oslo Peace Accord of 1993, though was an attempt to strike a peace deal forth Palestinians, yet this event, similar to earlier attempts to prove to be a one sided affair. As critics have continuously termed the Oslo Peace Accord to have largely benefited the Israelis more than it did for the Palestinians, as the accord has allowed the Israelis control over land, water, roads, and other necessary resources.As of the present day scenario, Israel today has some of the most advanced and superior military in the region, including both high techmilitary equipment, arms industries, and to top it all, nuclear capability matched only with the largest powers in the world. All this has been possible with economic and military assistance from the United States of America.Aside from the unilateral role of United States of America for the state of Israel, the role of the United Nations too has been critical, as two UN Resolutions, namely UN Resolution 242 and 181both have called for return of all lands captured in the 1967Arab-Israeli War, both of which are yet to be implemented, leaving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict unresolved as ever. (Shah, 2001)The US Involvement in the Israeli-Palestinian ConflictA brief on the involvement of the United States of America in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict reveals that the US first collaboration was witnessed when the United States supported the United Nations in the establishment of the State of Israel on May 15, 1948. With the United States of America taking over as the principle ally for the Jews, the British mandate (1920-1947) came to an end.Ever since the establishment of the State of Israel was declared, the United States has continued to support Israel in practically all areas of Israeli economy. According to various studies, the state of Israel has been one of the largest beneficiaries of US aid ever since its establishment in1948, which according to estimates has today reached some 3 billion dollars annually.One of the most significant aspects of US involvement, in the historical perspective, has been the unilateral support provided to Israelis during the 1956 debacle of Suez Canal. In the said debacle, Israel

Economic Growth In The United States :: essays research papers fc

Economic Growthin theUnited StatesEconomic harvest-feast can be defined as increases in per capita real GDP (gross domestic help product) measured by its rate of transfer per year. Growth rates argon very important because even a small change can sterilise vast difference in the advance long time. The knowledge of economic growth is also important because it can provide the means to allow us to prepare valuable insights. check to Robert D. McTeer, president and headsman executive officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, both factors determine the rate of economic growth productiveness increases (more output for the same amount of inputs), and labor party (the number of hours worked).Productivity in the United States, due to new innovations (that are coming together after years of investment), is growing to levels not seen since the 1960s. For example productivity growth has averaged 2.3 part from 1996 to 1999, doubling the 1.1 percent average productivity growth fr om 1973 to 1995. At a rate of two percent from 1996 to 1999, labor has also increased, as unemployment fell and welfare recipients have gone to work. The economy has been growing at a rate of about 4.5 percent each year, due to this.     However, the increase in the workforce , or hours worked, limits labor growth. Again, according to McTeer, in the long run, productivity growth is the key to rising keep standards. On another note, there are many benefits that go along with the economic expansion we are experiencing. The current economic expansion has commonly been referred to by economists as "The 1990s Economic bellowing", because the current growth of the U.S. economy is the longest ever in peacetime. Economists observe that this expansion has benefited nearly every American. According to the reports of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, more than third out of every four jobs created from 1989 to 1995 were highly-paid professionals and managerial posit ions. The Council of Economic Advisers reported that in 1995 and 1996, more than half of new jobs created were in fields where the average wage rank in the top third of all salaries. Another great benefit according to the Investors Business quotidian January 19, 1999 publication, is that 1.67 one thousand thousand families left welfare rolls, and 1.74 million more single parents found jobs. Though this economic expansion has been the longest since World War II (according to the in the raw York Times, October 18, 1998), growth during the 1990s has been weaker than during any growth cycle since the end of the war.Economic Growth In The United States essays research papers fc Economic Growthin theUnited StatesEconomic growth can be defined as increases in per capita real GDP (gross domestic product) measured by its rate of change per year. Growth rates are very important because even a small change can make vast difference in the coming years. The knowledge of economic growth is also important because it can provide the means to allow us to gain valuable insights. According to Robert D. McTeer, president and chief executive officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, two factors determine the rate of economic growth productivity increases (more output for the same amount of inputs), and labor (the number of hours worked).Productivity in the United States, due to new innovations (that are coming together after years of investment), is growing to levels not seen since the 1960s. For example productivity growth has averaged 2.3 percent from 1996 to 1999, doubling the 1.1 percent average productivity growth from 1973 to 1995. At a rate of two percent from 1996 to 1999, labor has also increased, as unemployment fell and welfare recipients have gone to work. The economy has been growing at a rate of about 4.5 percent each year, due to this.     However, the increase in the workforce , or hours worked, limits labor growth. Again, according to McTeer, in the long run, productivity growth is the key to rising living standards. On another note, there are many benefits that go along with the economic expansion we are experiencing. The current economic expansion has commonly been referred to by economists as "The 1990s Economic Boom", because the current growth of the U.S. economy is the longest ever in peacetime. Economists observe that this expansion has benefited nearly every American. According to the reports of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, more than three out of every four jobs created from 1989 to 1995 were highly-paid professionals and managerial positions. The Council of Economic Advisers reported that in 1995 and 1996, more than half of new jobs created were in fields where the average wage ranked in the top third of all salaries. Another great benefit according to the Investors Business Daily January 19, 1999 publication, is that 1.67 million families left welfare rolls, and 1.74 million more single pa rents found jobs. Though this economic expansion has been the longest since World War II (according to the New York Times, October 18, 1998), growth during the 1990s has been weaker than during any growth cycle since the end of the war.

Plagiarism :: essays research papers

Plagiarism is defined in the Encyclopedia Britannica Online as the act of taking the writings of another person and passing them off as ones own. In my own words I define it as the stealing of someone elses literary work and taking credit for their writings. sometimes it is done intentionally as an act of complete dishonesty. Someone may not want to exert the necessary effort required to research and import his or her own work. They assume it would be easier to just copy another authors work. Another example of deliberate plagiarism is the buying or selling of document, or hiring someone to write a paper. Most frequently, plagiarism occurs without the writer knowing that he or she is plagiarizing. Simply quoting an author without stating where the quote was taken from and citing the name of author is plagiarizing. If someone uses an authors style of writing and/ or word usage throughout his/her paper that is also recollected plagiarism. Whether done intentionally or in error, pl agiarism is a crime that nominate warrant serious penalties Plagiarism is a severe problem because it has since become an epidemic and is being practiced at an alarmingly increasing rate. It has become widely accepted among students at many colleges and universities across the United States. It has gotten to the point that many students dont even consider it cheating. This fact alone makes it even more serious and harder to control. It is now common practice to obtain someone elses writing and turn it in as an original work. It is not difficult to purchase a pre-written paper or hire another individual to write a paper. Students are willing to yield whatever the cost so that they dont have to do the work themselves. In fact, paper-selling services such as this have become sort of a lucrative business. With the age of technology quickly advancing it has become all the more easily to plagiarize.The impact of the Internet on the plagiarism has been huge. You can find hundreds of web sites that, for a fee, will offer papers on every topic imaginable. There are also websites that promise custom made papers written based on the requested criteria. The ease and availability offered through such sites has tempted even the most honest students. With the stress and pressure that the pursuit high education can bring it is often a welcome release to have a ready-made paper at the stroke of key.